中华豪门—故宫的四座城门

本期编辑/开鸿顺

KaiHongShun Studio

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故宫，又叫紫禁城，是明清两代的宫廷，又叫北京紫禁城，是五百年前遗留的最完全的文物古迹。坐落于北京中轴线的核心，是古代中国皇宫建造之精粹。其平面为凹形，宏伟壮丽。午门后有五座精巧的汉白玉拱桥通往太和门。东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。

The Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, also known as the Beijing Forbidden City. It is the most complete cultural relic left over 500 years ago...

故宫的四个城角都有精巧玲珑的角楼，角楼高27.5米，十字屋脊，三重檐迭出，四面亮山，多角交错，是结构奇丽的建筑。每扇门的门钉是横九路、竖九路，一共是九九八十一个钉。九是阳数之极，是阳数里最大的，象征帝王最高的地位。

The four corners of the Forbidden City all have exquisite and exquisite turrets, with a height of 27.5 meters, a cross roof ridge, three overlapping eaves, four sides of bright mountains, and multiple corners, making them a structure of marvelous beauty.

一、午门

午门是正门，又称五凤楼。是中国古代大门中最高级的形式。午门是皇帝下诏书、下令出征的地方。每遇宣读皇帝圣旨，颁发年历书，文武百官都要齐集午门前广场听旨。古代皇帝的宝座讲究面南背北，或者说坐北朝南，南向是正向。

The Meridian Gate is the main gate, also known as the Five Phoenix Tower. It is the most advanced form of gate in ancient China. The Meridian Gate was the place where the emperor issued an imperial edict and ordered the expedition.

午门从外面看，有三个门洞，中间的最大的门，以下三种人进出：

1⃣皇帝出入专用；

1⃣ Exclusive access for emperors;

2⃣皇帝大婚那天，皇后可以进，只限于大婚那一天（清朝只有五个皇后是从午门中间的大门抬进来的）；

2⃣ On the day of the emperor's wedding, empresses can enter, only on the day of the wedding (only five empresses in the Qing Dynasty were carried in through the gate in the middle of the Meridian Gate);

3⃣状元、榜眼和探花，高中之后从正门出，只此一次。

3⃣ Top scorers, top scorers, and explorers, who left the main entrance after high school, only once.

文武大臣上朝从左侧门进出，宗室王公从右侧门进出。

The Minister of Culture and Military Affairs enters and exits from the left door in the upper court, and the royal princes enter and exit from the right door.

午门正面除了三个门洞之外，左右还有两个城台，从城台进来，有个掖门，就是暗门，所以背面看有五个门洞，明三暗五。平时掖门不开，有重大活动时候才开，大臣从掖门进皇宫。

In addition to the three door openings on the front of the Meridian Gate, there are also two city gates on the left and right. Entering from the city gate, there is a hidden gate, which is a hidden gate. Therefore, when viewed from the back, there are five door openings, three bright and five dark.

午门前面有三个门，分别是端门、天安门（明朝叫承天门）、大清门（明朝叫大明门）；后面有一个门叫太和门。

In front of the Meridian Gate, there are three gates: the Duan Gate, the Tian'an Gate (called Chengtian Gate in the Ming Dynasty), and the Da Qing Gate (called Da Ming Gate in the Ming Dynasty); There is a door behind it called the Taihe Gate.

二、神武门

紫禁城北门“神武门”，明朝时为“玄武门”，玄武为古代四神兽之一，从方位上讲，左青龙，右白虎，前朱雀，后玄武，玄武主北方，所以帝王宫殿的北宫门多取名“玄武”。

The "Shenwu Gate" at the north gate of the Forbidden City was known as the "Xuanwu Gate" during the Ming Dynasty. Xuanwu was one of the four sacred beasts in ancient times. In terms of orientation, left Qinglong, right Baihu, front Zhuque, and rear Xuanwu dominated the north, so the north gate of the imperial palace was often named "Xuanwu".

清康熙年间为了避开康熙皇帝玄烨的名讳，改叫神武门。这不是李世民发动“玄武门事变”的玄武门，李世民这个玄武门在陕西的北极宫的北宫门，也叫玄武门。神武门在形制上要比午门低一个等级。神武门是宫内日常出入的门禁。现神武门为故宫博物院正门。　　

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Emperor Xuanye, the name was changed to Shenwu Gate. This is not the Xuanwu Gate where Li Shimin launched the "Xuanwu Gate Incident".

神武门是皇帝和后宫的太后、皇后、嫔妃门进出重要之门。皇帝从热河行宫或圆明园回宫都从这个门进来。

The Shenwu Gate is an important entrance for the empress dowager, empress, and concubines of the emperor and harem. The emperor came in through this door from Rehe Palace or Yuanmingyuan Palace.

三、东华门

东华门与西华门遥相对应，门外设有下马碑石，门内金水河南北流向，上架石桥1座，桥北为三座门。

The Donghua Gate and the Xihua Gate correspond remotely. There are dismounted steles outside the gate. The golden water inside the gate flows from the south to the north. There is one stone bridge on the upper shelf, and there are three gates to the north of the bridge.

东华门与西华门形制相同，平面矩形，红色城台，白玉须弥座，当中辟3座券门，券洞外方内圆。城台上建有城楼，黄琉璃瓦重檐庑殿顶，城楼面阔5间，进深3间，四周出廊。皇帝死后其灵柩就从东华门运出，故俗称“鬼门”。

The Donghua Gate has the same shape as the Xihua Gate, with a rectangular plan, a red city platform, and a white jade Xumizuo. There are three ticket gates in the middle, and the ticket holes are both square and round. On the city platform, there are city towers with yellow glazed tiles and double eaves on the top of the hall...

东华门的门钉有纵9横8，共72颗门钉，比午门、神武门、西华门的纵9横9共81颗要少一排。

The Donghua Gate has a total of 72 door studs in 9 vertical and 8 horizontal directions, which is one row less than the 81 door studs in the Meridian Gate, Shenwu Gate, and Xihua Gate.

这里有很多解读，有的说是东华门属阴门，门钉用阴数。东华门的门钉比别的门的大，虽然少了一排，看起来也比较协调。

There are many interpretations here. Some say that the Donghua Gate belongs to the Yin Gate, and the door studs use the Yin number. The door studs of the Donghua Gate are larger than those of other doors. Although they are one row shorter, they also look more harmonious.

四、西华门

西华门：故宫的西门，出西华门，皇帝、太后、皇后和嫔妃去皇家园林西苑游玩比较方便。

Xihua Gate: The west gate of the Forbidden City. It is convenient for emperors, empresses, empresses, and concubines to visit the Royal Garden Xiyuan outside the Xihua Gate.

故宫紫禁城大门都是实榻门，门板由原木锯成，一块块门板由穿带连接成整体，门上的门钉，其特点是体量大、防御性强，门板厚度可达20厘米。由于，实榻门在长期闭合中，连接处容易产生松动，使得穿带从门板的孔洞中脱落，造成门板散架。

The gates of the Forbidden City of the Forbidden City of the Forbidden City are all solid couch doors. The door panels are sawn from logs, and each door panel is connected into a whole by a threading belt.

门钉材料为铁质，体积小、强度高，通过钉入门板与穿带的连接位置后，约束了门板与穿带的错动，因而有利于实榻门的稳固。而门钉的钉帽全部采用圆形水泡形状，一方面，凸出的钉帽增加了大门的厚实度和人的安全感;另一方面，圆本身就是一个闭合完美的造型，钉帽的圆泡形状给人以柔和、圆润之美。此外，钉帽被做成圆泡状，也便于门钉的维修和替换。

The door nail material is made of iron, with small volume and high strength. By nailing the connection position between the door plate and the threading belt, the staggered movement of the door plate and the threading belt is restrained, which is conducive to the stability of the actual door.