物流学——物流与信息技术

物流与信息技术

信息的有效和高效利用可以给物流和供应链管理带来诸多益处，其中最突出的四大益处如下：

1、拥有更多的供应链知识和可视性，使信息取代库存成为可能；

2、利用销售数据，可以更好地了解顾客需求，从而有助于改善计划并减少供应链中的变异；

3、通过企业资源计划系统，更好地协调制造、营销和配送活动；

4、精简的物流信息系统可以简化订单处理流程并缩短提前期。‍

The effective and efficient use of information can bring many benefits to logistics and supply chain management, among which the four most prominent benefits are as follows:

1. Having more supply chain knowledge and visibility, making it possible for information to replace inventory;

2. Using sales data can better understand customer needs, thereby helping to improve plans and reduce variability in the supply chain;

3. Through the enterprise resource planning system, better coordinate manufacturing, marketing and distribution activities;

4. The streamlined logistics information system can simplify the order processing process and shorten the lead time. ‍

适当信息技术的成功实施和开发是维持竞争优势的关键。同时，有效且高效地利用信息可以使企业库存与顾客需求相匹配，从而在降低成本的同时提高顾客满意度。

The successful implementation and development of appropriate information technology is the key to maintaining a competitive advantage. At the same time, effective and efficient use of information by universities can match corporate inventory with customer needs, thereby reducing costs and improving customer satisfaction.

一、信息管理系统的一般类型

1、办公自动化系统：提供有效的方式处理个人和组织的业务数据，执行计算并生成文件；

2、通信系统：通过多种不同的互动和信息分享，帮助人们协同工作。如全球定位系统（GPS）；

3、交易处理系统（TPS）：收集和存储交易信息并对交易过程的某些方面进行控制；

1. General types of information management systems

1. Office automation system: Provide an effective way to process personal and organizational business data, perform calculations and generate files;

2. Communication system: Help people work together through a variety of different interactions and information sharing. Such as the Global Positioning System (GPS);

3. Transaction Processing System (TPS): Collect and store transaction information and control certain aspects of the transaction process;

4、管理信息系统和主管信息系统：将TPS数据转换成信息以监控绩效和管理组织，以易于理解的形式向高级主管提供信息；

5、决策支持系统：通过提供信息、模型或分析工具来帮助管理者制定决策。如运输管理系统和仓库管理系统；

6、企业系统：创造并维持一致的数据处理方法和跨业务职能的集成数据库。‍

4. Management information system and supervisor information system: Convert TPS data into information to monitor performance and manage the organization, and provide information to senior supervisors in an easy-to-understand form;

5. Decision support system: Help managers make decisions by providing information, models or analysis tools. Such as transportation management system and warehouse management system;

6. Enterprise system: Create and maintain consistent data processing methods and integrated databases across business functions. ‍

二、互联网对物流的影响

互联网对物流在很多方面都产生影响，我们只讨论四种特殊的影响——在线零售、云计算、电子采购和物联网。‍

2. The impact of the Internet on logistics

The Internet has an impact on logistics in many ways. We will only discuss four special impacts-online retail, cloud computing, e-procurement, and the Internet of Things. ‍

1、在线零售：在线零售和线下零售具有很多相似的物流环节，还可能使用相似的工具，但是在某些环节的执行上，它们具有极大的不同。如，在线零售的订单多，但是每一个订单的量较少；‍

1. Online retail: Online retail and offline retail have many similar logistics links, and may also use similar tools, but they are very different in the execution of some links. For example, there are many orders for online retail, but the quantity of each order is small;

2、云计算：按需软件和服务软件的总称。有多种与物流相关的云计算应用软件，如协同预测与库存优化云计算软件。运输管理系统已成为最流行的按需应用软件；

3、电子采购：利用互联网使企业采购物品和服务变得更加容易、快捷且更便宜。电子采购可以带来交易收益、合规收益、管理信息收益以及价格收益；‍

2. Cloud computing: the general term for on-demand software and service software. There are a variety of cloud computing applications related to logistics, such as collaborative forecasting and inventory optimization cloud computing software. The transportation management system has become the most popular on-demand application software;

3. Electronic procurement: The use of the Internet makes it easier, faster and cheaper for companies to purchase goods and services. Electronic procurement can bring transaction benefits, compliance benefits, management information benefits and price benefits;

4、 物联网：指嵌入到物体中的并能通过互联网进行跟踪和控制的传感器和数据通信技术。物联网的潜在益处可以体现在所有类型的物流活动中，诸如仓储、运输、最后一公里交付等。‍

4. Internet of Things: Refers to sensors and data communication technologies that are embedded in objects and can be tracked and controlled via the Internet. The potential benefits of the Internet of Things can be reflected in all types of logistics activities, such as warehousing, transportation, and last-mile delivery. ‍

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素材来源于《物流学》——第12版 中国人民大学出版社

图片来源于百度

翻译来源于谷歌翻译‍