《史记·项羽本纪》注解、解读和英译（1）：少年如何成就一番大事

　　项籍者，下相人也，字羽。初起时，年二十四。其季父项梁，梁父即楚将项燕，为秦将王翦所戮者也。项氏世世为楚将，封於项，故姓项氏。

1、项籍者，下相人也，字羽。初起时，年二十四。

下相：古县名，今江苏宿迁，北齐废。秦时宿豫境内设下相县，“下相”是因置于古相水下游而得名，其城址位于今宿城西南郊(废黄河西岸)古城村。

初：当初，副词。

起：起义、起事、闹事，动词。

释文：项籍是下相人，字羽。当初起事的时候，年纪是二十四岁。

译文：Xiang Ji, a native to the County of Xia Xiang, had the adult name of Yu. When he began to uprose, he was 24 years old.

2、其季父项梁，梁父即楚将项燕，为秦将王翦所戮者也。

季父：年龄最小的叔父称季父。

戮：斩杀，动词。

释文：他的小叔是项梁，项梁的父亲就是楚国大将项燕，被秦国大将王翦所斩杀的那位。

译文：His youngest uncle was Xiang Laing, whose father was Xiang Yan, the famous general of Chu State that was killed by general Wang Jian of the Qin State.

3、项氏世世为楚将，封於项，故姓项氏。

为：担任、充当，动词。

释文：项氏世世代代担任楚国大将，被分封在项地，因此姓项氏。

译文：The Xiang family had served as the generals of Chu State for generations, and was rewarded the County of Xiang, so their family name was named after this county.

　　项籍少时，学书不成，去。学剑，又不成。项梁怒之。籍曰：“书足以记名姓而已。剑一人敌，不足学，学万人敌。”於是项梁乃教籍兵法，籍大喜，略知其意，又不肯竟学。项梁尝有栎阳逮，乃请蕲狱掾曹咎书，抵栎阳狱掾司马欣，以故，事得已。项梁杀人，与籍避仇於吴中，吴中贤士大夫皆出项梁下。每吴中有大繇役及丧，项梁常为主办，阴以兵法部勒宾客及子弟，以是知其能。秦始皇帝游会稽，渡浙江，梁与籍俱观。籍曰：“彼可取而代也。”梁掩其口，曰：“毋妄言，族矣！”梁以此奇籍。籍长八尺馀，力能扛鼎，才气过人，虽吴中子弟皆已惮籍矣。

1、项籍少时，学书不成，去。学剑，又不成。项梁怒之。

书：文字，名词。

成：完成、成就，动词。

释文：项籍年少的时候，学习写字没有学成，离去。学习剑术，又没有学成。项梁对他很生气。

译文：When Xiang Ji was young, he learned writing characters but did not succeed, and left away. Then, he went to learn swordsmanship, and did not make it to the end, either. Xiang Liang was angry about it.

2、籍曰：“书足以记名姓而已。剑一人敌，不足学，学万人敌。”

释文：项籍说：写字足够用来记录名姓就行了。剑术以一个人为敌，不足以学习，我要学习以万人为敌。

译文：“Writing characters is all about writing your name. Sword can be used to defeat one man only, which is not good enough. I want to learn how to defeat ten thousand men,” said Xiang JI.

点评：识字读书看似是最无用的本领，其实却是成就一番大事所必须的能力，一个能够识文断字并饱读诗书的人，思维才能灵敏，眼光见识才能长远，考虑事情的境界才能提升上去，比普通人格局才能更为广阔。中国历史上，历朝历代的那些开国之君，要么是自己本身文化水平比较高，要么是身边有文化水平高的谋士，而且非常善于听取他们的建议。反之，那些自己本身不爱读书、没啥文化水平的人，即便一时凭借胆识和机会取得了成功，也根本不可能建立起一个王朝，因为他们的思维层次不支持这种事情，没有深谋远虑的能力，没有远大的理想和志向，没有识人用人的能力，只知道贪图一时的享乐，注定不会长久。陈胜和项羽就是典型的代表。

3、於是项梁乃教籍兵法，籍大喜，略知其意，又不肯竟学。

竟：完成、结束、完毕，动词。

释文：于是，项梁就教授项籍用兵作战的方法，项籍非常高兴，大略知道其中的意思，又不肯完成学习。

译文：Therefore, Xiang Liang taught him the art of war. Xiang Ji was really excited about it, but only learnt it superficially, and could not finish the study.

4、项梁尝有栎阳逮，乃请蕲狱掾曹咎书，抵栎阳狱掾司马欣，以故，事得已。

有：被，助动词，表示被动，相当于助动词be。

栎阳（yuè yáng）：古县名，战国时秦国都城。秦置，治所在今陕西省西安市阎良区武屯街道官庄村与古城屯村之间。

逮：逮捕、抓捕，动词。

蕲（qí）：古治所，蕲县，今安徽宿州。

狱掾（yù yuàn）：狱曹的属吏。

曹咎：初为秦朝蕲县狱掾，营救犯事入狱的项梁。其后得到项羽的重用，官拜大司马，封爵海春侯。楚汉战争时期，奉命坚守成皋县（今河南荥阳市汜水镇），却禁不住汉军挑战，贸然出击，兵渡汜水，为汉军所袭，兵败自杀。

书：写信，动词。

抵：抵达、到达，动词。

司马欣：秦朝长史，陈胜起兵后辅佐章邯作战，巨鹿之战战败后，章邯、司马欣、董翳投降项羽，秦灭亡后，由秦人章邯、司马欣、董翳三人获得关中之地。分别为雍王、塞王、翟王。号称三秦。汉王四年成皋之战中，在半渡汜水曹咎与司马欣皆自刎于汜水。

以：凭借，动词。

故：缘故、原因，名词。

事：事情，名词。

得：得以，助动词，相当于be able to。

已：停止、完毕，动词。

释文：项梁曾经被栎阳县逮捕，于是他请求蕲县狱掾曹咎写信，送抵栎阳狱掾司马欣，因为这个缘故，事情得以了解。

译文：Xiang Liang was once arrested in the County of Yue Yang, so he asked Cao Jiu, an official of the County of Qi, to wrote a letter to Sima Xin, an official of the County of Yue Yang. And the case was settled because of it.

5、项梁杀人，与籍避仇於吴中，吴中贤士大夫皆出项梁下。

吴中：今江苏省吴县一带。

出：超出、超过，动词。

释文：项梁杀人，和项籍在吴中躲避仇人，吴中的那些贤能的士大夫都比不过项梁。

译文：Xiang Liang once killed someone and hided in Wu Zhong with Xiang Ji from his foes. No person of virtue in Wu Zhong could be comparable to him.

6、每吴中有大繇役及丧，项梁常为主办，阴以兵法部勒宾客及子弟，以是知其能。

每：每当、每次，副词。

繇役：即，徭役，劳役，名词同义词连用。

为：替、给，介词。

主：事主、当事人，名词。

办：处理、办理，动词。

为主办：替事主办理，对于这句话的解读，还是要从词性的角度着手，主流的观点认为这句话的意思是“做主办人、担任主办人”，且不说司马迁所在的西汉时期，根本不会有“主办人”这种概念和词汇，这种解读不符合文言文的基本表达方式，古汉语是一种单字语言，每个字单独担任一个句子成分，承担一个语义单位，不可能出现“主办（人）”这种双字词汇，“主办”如果连在一起使用，那么，必定是词性相同，语义相同或相近的两个字，虽然“主办”也符合这两个要求，但是，这里的“主办”必定是名词性的，担任“为”的宾语，而不可能是动词性的。

阴：暗中、背地里，副词。

部：安排、布置，动词。

勒：统率，动词。

部勒：动词近义词连用。

释文：每当吴中有大规模的劳役和丧事，项梁经常替主人办理，暗中使用兵法安排和统率宾客和子弟们，因为这事，大家知道他的能力。

译文：Whenever there was large-scale construction activity by corvee labors or funeral service, Xiang Liang often hosted them for the host, and he privately used the art of war to arrange and lead the guests and followers, for which they all knew his abilities.

7、秦始皇帝游会稽，渡浙江，梁与籍俱观。

浙江：即，钱塘江。

释文：秦朝的始皇帝游览会稽郡，横渡钱塘江，项梁和项籍一起观看。

译文：When Qin Shihuang toured Kuai Ji and crossed ZheJiang River, Xiang Liang and Xiang Ji went to watch them.

8、籍曰：“彼可取而代也。”梁掩其口，曰：“毋妄言，族矣！”梁以此奇籍。

取：攻取、夺取，动词。

代：代替，动词。

妄：胡乱地，副词。

言：说话，动词。

奇：对…感到惊讶，对…感到惊异，动词。

释文：项籍说：你可以攻取并代替他。项梁掩蔽起他的嘴，说：不要胡说，灭族啊！项梁因此这事对项籍感到惊奇。

译文：“You can attack and replace him”, said Xiang Ji. Xiang Liang covered his mouth and said that “Don’t talk nonsense! Our whole family could be beheaded!” Xiang Liang was astonished about Xiang Ji because of what he said.

点评：这件事放在整个《项羽本纪》中，也是毫不起眼的一件小事，但是，我们需要知道的是，这句话是整部《项羽本纪》，或者说，项羽的整个人生的基点。凡是成就一番大事的人，必定是敢想之人，换句话说，就是有着自己明确的目标之人，只有首先有了一个明确的目标，其他的一切才有可能，否则一切就都免谈了。

9、籍长八尺馀，力能扛鼎，才气过人，虽吴中子弟皆已惮籍矣。

扛：举起、用两手举重物，动词。

惮：畏惧、忌惮，动词。

释文：项籍身高八尺多，力气能够举起大鼎，才能和气概超过一般人，即使是吴中子弟们，也都已经畏惧项籍啦。

译文：Xiang Ji was more than eight Chis high and could hold up Ding. Because his capabilities and spirit was superior to others, the young men in Wu Zhong were all awed to him.

　　秦二世元年七月，陈胜等起大泽中。其九月，会稽守通谓梁曰：“江西皆反，此亦天亡秦之时也。吾闻先即制人，後则为人所制。吾欲发兵，使公及桓楚将。”是时，桓楚亡在泽中。梁曰：“桓楚亡，人莫知其处，独籍知之耳。”梁乃出，诫籍持剑居外待。梁复入，与守坐，曰：“请召籍，使受命召桓楚。”守曰：“诺。”梁召籍入。须臾，梁眴籍曰：“可行矣！”於是籍遂拔剑斩守头。项梁持守头，佩其印绶。门下大惊，扰乱，籍所击杀数十百人。一府中皆慴伏，莫敢起。梁乃召故所知豪吏，谕以所为起大事，遂举吴中兵。使人收下县，得精兵八千人。梁部署吴中豪杰为校尉、候、司马。有一人不得用，自言於梁。梁曰：“前时，某丧，使公主某事，不能办，以此不任用公。”众乃皆伏。於是，梁为会稽守，籍为裨将，徇下县。

1、秦二世元年七月，陈胜等起大泽中。

释文：秦二世元年七月，陈胜等人在大泽乡起事。

译文：July, the second year under the reign of Emperor Qin II, Chen Sheng and his followers uprose in the County of Da Ze.

2、其九月，会稽守通谓梁曰：“江西皆反，此亦天亡秦之时也。吾闻先即制人，後则为人所制。吾欲发兵，使公及桓楚将。”

先：先发、提前，时间副词。

即：就会，助动词，相当于would

制：控制、制服，动词。

后：晚的、迟的，副词。

则：助动词，表示肯定，相当于do。

为：助动词，表示被动，相当于be。

释文：这年九月，会稽郡守通告诉项梁说：长江以西全都反叛了，这也是上天灭亡大秦的时机啊。我听说，提前（行动）就会制服别人，延迟行动就会被人所控制。我打算派遣军队，让你和桓楚带领。

译文：In the September of this year, the governor of Kuaiji told Xiang Liang that “The west of the Yangtze River has all rebelled against the Qin State, and this is also the moment the Heaven wants the Qin State to fall. I’ve heard that you can dominate others if you act preemptively, and you would be dominated if you act late. I’m determined to dispatch troops, and let you and Huan Chu to lead it.”

3、是时，桓楚亡在泽中。梁曰：“桓楚亡，人莫知其处，独籍知之耳。”

释文：这个时候，桓楚在大泽中逃亡。项梁说：桓楚逃亡了，没有人知道他的位置，只有项籍知道他在哪里。

译文：At this moment, Huan Chu run away in the swamps. Xiang Laing said that “Huan Chu has run away, and nobody but Xiang Ji knows where he is.”

4、梁乃出，诫籍持剑居外待。梁复入，与守坐，曰：“请召籍，使受命召桓楚。”守曰：“诺。”梁召籍入。

居：坐着，动词。

释文：项梁于是走出来，告诫项籍拿着剑坐在外面等着。项梁再次回去，和郡守坐在一起，说：请您召见项籍，让他接受命令召见桓楚。郡守说：可以。项梁召唤进来。

译文：Xiang Liang walked out of the magistrate’s mansion, and asked Xiang Ji to wait outsides with his sword. Then, Xiang Liang got back to the magistrate’s mansion, and sat together with the Magistrate, saying “Please call in Xiang Ji and ask him to receive your Forder to find Huan Chu.” The Magistrate said “concur”. Then, Xiang Liang called in Xiang Ji.

5、须臾，梁眴籍曰：“可行矣！”於是籍遂拔剑斩守头。

眴（shùn）：同“瞬”，以目示意，动词。

释文：片刻之后，项梁以目示意项籍说：可以行动了！在这个时候，项籍于是拔出剑，斩下了郡守的头颅。

译文：In a second, Xiang Liang gave a hint to Xiang Ji with his eyes and said that “you can act now!” So, Xiang Ji drew his sword and beheaded the Magistrate.

6、项梁持守头，佩其印绶。门下大惊，扰乱，籍所击杀数十百人。一府中皆慴伏，莫敢起。

扰乱：混乱，动词近义词连用。

慴：同“慑”，慑服，动词。

伏：通“服”，屈服、顺从，动词。

慴伏：动词近义词连用。

起：起身、动起来、采取行动，动词。

释文：项梁拿着郡守的头颅，佩戴着他的印信和系印的绶带。门客们大惊，乱成一团，项籍所击杀的就有数十上百人，整个郡守府中的人全都慑服，没有人敢于采取行动。

译文：Xiang Liang held the head of the Magistrate and wore his seal and ribbon. The followers of the Magistrate were taken aback and descended into chaos. Dozens of them were killed by Xiang Ji, and all those in the magistrate’s mansion were subdued and nobody dared to uprise.

7、梁乃召故所知豪吏，谕以所为起大事，遂举吴中兵。

豪：豪杰、具有高超才能的人，名词。

谕：告诉、告知，动词。

为：做事，动词。

起：开始从事，动词。

为起：动词近义词连用。

举：兴起、发动，动词。

释文：项梁于是召集之前所知道的豪杰和官吏们，把所要从事的大事告诉他们，于是发动吴中的军队。

译文：Then, Xiang Liang summoned the heroes and officials he knew before and told them that he would uprose against the Qin State, and dispatched the troops of Wu Zhong.

8、使人收下县，得精兵八千人。梁部署吴中豪杰为校尉、候、司马。

下县：指一郡之中非郡守行政机构所在的属县。

部：安排、布置，动词。

署：布置，动词。

部署：动词同义词连用。

为：担任，动词。

释文：让人收取下面的诸县，得到八千人的精干士兵。项梁安排和布置了吴中的豪杰们担任校尉、候和司马。

译文：Xiang Liang sent his followers to conquer the subordinate counties, and they gathered a troop of 8000 strong. Xiang Liang dispatched the heroes of Wu Zhong with appropriate posts.

9、有一人不得用，自言於梁。梁曰：“前时，某丧，使公主某事，不能办，以此不任用公。” 众乃皆伏。

言：问、询问，动词。

任用：动词近义词连用。

释文：有一个人没有得到任用，自己询问项梁。项梁说：前段时间，某人死了，让您主持某件事，您不能办理，因此没有任用您。众人全都信服。

译文：One of his old friends was not given a post, and asked Xiang Liang about it himself. Xiang Liang said that “when someone died before, I asked you to host the funeral ceremony, but you could not handle it; therefore, I won’t give you a post.” All others were completely convinced.

10、於是，梁为会稽守，籍为裨将，徇下县。

徇：攻取，动词。

释文：在这个时候，项梁担任会稽郡守，项籍担任裨将，攻取下面的诸县。

译文：Then, Xiang Laing acted as the governor of Kuai Ji, while Xiang Ji worked as his deputy general and went to conquer the subordinate counties.

　　广陵人召平於是为陈王徇广陵，未能下。闻陈王败走，秦兵又且至，乃渡江，矫陈王命，拜梁为楚王上柱国。曰：“江东已定，急引兵西击秦。”项梁乃以八千人渡江而西。闻陈婴已下东阳，使使欲与连和俱西。陈婴者，故东阳令史，居县中，素信谨，称为长者。东阳少年杀其令，相聚数千人，欲置长，无適用，乃请陈婴。婴谢不能，遂彊立婴为长，县中从者得二万人。少年欲立婴便为王，异军苍头特起。陈婴母谓婴曰：“自我为汝家妇，未尝闻汝先古之有贵者。今暴得大名，不祥。不如有所属，事成犹得封侯，事败易以亡，非世所指名也。”婴乃不敢为王，谓其军吏曰：“项氏世世将家，有名於楚。今欲举大事，将非其人，不可。我倚名族，亡秦必矣。”於是，众从其言，以兵属项梁。项梁渡淮，黥布、蒲将军亦以兵属焉。凡六七万人，军下邳。

1、广陵人召平於是为陈王徇广陵，未能下。

释文：广陵人召平在这个时候为陈王攻打广陵，没能攻下。

译文：Shao Ping, a native to Guangling, was attacking the City of Guangling for the King of Chen this moment, but failed to conquer it.

2、闻陈王败走，秦兵又且至，乃渡江，矫陈王命，拜梁为楚王上柱国。

上柱国：官名，战国楚制，凡立覆军斩将之功者，官封上柱国，位极尊宠。

释文：听闻陈王失败逃走，秦国军队又将要到达，于是召平渡过长江，假托陈王的命令，任命项梁担任楚国的上柱国。

译文：Hearing that the King of Chen had been defeated and fled away, and that the army of Qin State was coming soon, Shao Ping crossed the Yangtze River and faked a decree of the King of Chen, appointing Xiang Liang the Great Shangzhu General of Chu.

3、曰：“江东已定，急引兵西击秦。”项梁乃以八千人渡江而西。

释文：（召平）说：长江以东已经平定，急速带领军队向西攻打秦军。项梁于是带领八千人渡过长江而西行。

译文：The decree said that “With the east side of the Yangtze River having been conquered, urgently lead your troops to attack westwards.” So, Xiang Liang crossed the Yangtze River with his troop of eight thousand strong.

4、闻陈婴已下东阳，使使欲与连和俱西。

连：联合、结合，动词。

和：汇合、结合，动词。

连和：动词近义词连用。

释文：听闻陈婴已经攻下东阳，让使者打算与他联合起来，一起西行。

译文：Hearing that Chen Ying had conquered the County of Dong Yang, Xiang Liang wanted to send an envoy to unite with them and attack westwards.

5、陈婴者，故东阳令史，居县中，素信谨，称为长者。

令史：县令属吏的总称。

信：诚信的、诚实的，形容词。

谨：谨慎的、小心的，形容词。

信谨：形容词近义词连用。

释文：陈婴是之前东阳县令的下属，居住在县城中，向来诚信谨慎，被称为长者。

译文：Chen Ying, a former official under the county magistrate, lived in the county and had been an honest and prudent man as always, which made him a respected man.

6、东阳少年杀其令，相聚数千人，欲置长，无適用，乃请陈婴。

释文：东阳的少年们杀死了他们的县令，相互聚在一起有数千人，打算设置首领，没有合适的人任用，于是请求陈婴。

译文：The youngsters of Dong Yang killed the County Magistrate, and gathered together by thousands. They wanted to have a leader but could not find a suitable one, so they invited Chen Ying.

7、婴谢不能，遂彊立婴为长，县中从者得二万人。

释文：陈婴辞谢说不能担任，少年们于是强行扶立陈婴为首领，县中跟从的人有两万人。

译文：Chen Ying refused their invitation for incompetency, but they made him their leader without his permission. They had a total of twenty thousand followers in the county.

8、少年欲立婴便为王，异军苍头特起。

便：即、就，副词。

异：区别、分开，动词。

苍头：以青巾裹头。

特：独特、特别，副词。

起：起义、起事，动词。

释文：少年们打算扶立陈婴就成为大王，另起一支军队，以青巾裹头，独自起事。

译文：The youngsters wanted to throne Chen Ying a king, and uprose as an independent army with the distinguishable characteristic of black headband.

9、陈婴母谓婴曰：“自我为汝家妇，未尝闻汝先古之有贵者。今暴得大名，不祥。不如有所属，事成犹得封侯，事败易以亡，非世所指名也。”

属：归属、隶属，动词。

释文：陈婴的母亲告诉陈婴说：自从我成为你家的媳妇，从来没有听说你家的先祖们之中有显贵的人。现在突然获得很大的名声，不吉利。不如有所归属，事情成功了还可以封侯，事情失败了容易逃亡，不是世人所指出名姓的那个人。

译文：Chen’s mother told him that “ever since I was the daughter-in-law of the Chen family, I’ve never heard any of your ancestor was a nobility. Now, if you become famous abruptly, it would not be auspicious. You’d better have allegiance to someone else. Then, if the rebellion was successful, you could still be rewarded the title of duke; if the rebellion failed, it would be easy for you to run away because you were not the one who could be named.”

点评：陈婴的母亲此人眼光见识确实不一般，考虑事情非常长远，陈婴的为人处世，应该就是在其母的教导下形成的。在楚汉之争末尾，陈婴投靠刘邦，最终受封堂邑侯，陈婴的后裔三代四次与皇室联姻，显赫一时。陈婴及其后代享受的这些荣华富贵，在很大程度上，都是因为陈婴母亲的这一决策所决定的。

10、婴乃不敢为王，谓其军吏曰：“项氏世世将家，有名於楚。今欲举大事，将非其人，不可。我倚名族，亡秦必矣。”

必：一定、必定，助动词。

释文：陈婴于是不敢担任大王，告诉他的士兵和官吏们说：项氏世代都是大将之家，在楚地有很大的名声。现在想要发动大事，将领如果不是正确的人，不可能成功。我们倚靠名门望族，灭亡秦国必定（成功）。

译文：Therefore, Chen Ying dare not to be a king and told his troop and officers that “The Xiang family have been generals generation by generation, and they are famous in the Chu State. Now we want to embark on a great cause, and we will not make it if the general is not the right one. If we could attach to a distinguished family, the demise of Qin State would be sure.”

11、於是，众从其言，以兵属项梁。项梁渡淮，黥布、蒲将军亦以兵属焉。凡六七万人，军下邳。

释文：于是，众人听从了他的话，把军队隶属于项梁。项梁渡过淮河，黥布和蒲将的军队也把军队隶属于他。总共六七万人，驻军在下邳。

译文：Therefore, the crowd followed his advice and conferred the troops to Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang crossed the Huai River, and Qing Bu and Pu Jiang also conferred their troops to him. Now, he had an army with a total of about sixty or seventy thousand soldiers, and stationed in the County of Xia Pi.

　　当是时，秦嘉已立景驹为楚王，军彭城东，欲距项梁。项梁谓军吏曰：“陈王先首事，战不利，未闻所在。今秦嘉倍陈王而立景驹，逆无道。”乃进兵击秦嘉。秦嘉军败走，追之至胡陵。嘉还战一日，嘉死，军降。景驹走，死梁地。项梁已并秦嘉军，军胡陵，将引军而西。章邯军至栗，项梁使别将硃鸡石、馀樊君与战。馀樊君死，硃鸡石军败，亡走胡陵。项梁乃引兵入薛，诛鸡石。项梁前使项羽别攻襄城，襄城坚守，不下。已拔，皆阬之，还报项梁。项梁闻陈王定死，召诸别将会薛计事。此时,沛公亦起沛，往焉。

1、当是时，秦嘉已立景驹为楚王，军彭城东，欲距项梁。

距：同“拒”，抵抗、抗拒，动词。

释文：在这个时候，秦嘉已经扶立景驹成为楚王，驻军在彭城之东，打算抗拒项梁。

译文：At this moment, Qin Jia had already throned Jing ju the King of Chu, and stationed his troop to the east of the City of Peng

2、项梁谓军吏曰：“陈王先首事，战不利，未闻所在。

利：顺利的，形容词。

释文：项梁告诉士兵和官吏们说：陈王最先开始起事，作战不顺利，没有听说现在什么地方。

译文：“King of Chen first started the uprising, but the battles he’s waged aren’t going well, and I don’t know where he is now.

3、今秦嘉倍陈王而立景驹，逆无道。”乃进兵击秦嘉。

倍：通“背”，背叛，动词。

释文：现在秦嘉背叛陈王而扶立景驹，叛逆且没有道理。于是发动军队攻打秦嘉。

译文：Now, Qin Jia betrayed King of Chen and throned Jing Ju, which was treacherous and unprincipled”, said Xiang Liang told the officers. Then he sent his troop to attack Qin Jia.

4、秦嘉军败走，追之至胡陵。嘉还战一日，嘉死，军降。景驹走，死梁地。

释文：秦嘉的军队失败逃走了，追击他们到胡陵。秦嘉返回作战一天，秦嘉战死，军队投降。景驹逃走，死在了梁地。

译文：The troop of Qin Jia was defeated and fled away, and then was pursued to the County of Hu Ling. Qin Jia fought back for a day and died in the battle, and his troops surrendered. Jing Ju fled away and died in the County of Liang.

5、项梁已并秦嘉军，军胡陵，将引军而西。

释文：项梁已经兼并了秦嘉的军队，驻军在胡陵，将要率领军队西行。

译文：After annexing the troops of Qin Jia, Xiang Liang stationed his army at Hu Ling, and would lead them westwards.

6、章邯军至栗，项梁使别将硃鸡石、馀樊君与战。馀樊君死，硃鸡石军败，亡走胡陵。

别将：即，副将。

释文：章邯的军队来到栗地，项梁让副将硃鸡石和馀樊君与他作战。馀樊君战死，硃鸡石的军队战败，逃跑至胡陵。

译文：The army of Zhang Han arrived at the County of Li, and Xiang Liang sent his deputy generals of Zhu Jishi and Yu Fanjun to battle against them. Yu Fanjun died in battle while the troop of Zhu Jishi was defeated and fled to the County of Hu Ling.

7、项梁乃引兵入薛，诛鸡石。

释文：项梁于是率领军队进入薛地，诛杀了硃鸡石。

译文：Xiang Liang then led his army to go into the County of Xue, and killed deputy general Jishi.

8、项梁前使项羽别攻襄城，襄城坚守，不下。已拔，皆阬之，还报项梁。

下：攻克，动词。

拔：攻取，动词。

释文：项梁之前让项羽攻打襄城，襄城坚持防守，不能攻克。已经攻取之后，把城中人全部活埋了，回去报告项梁。

译文：Xiang Liang sent Xiang Yu to attack the city of Xiang, but the city stood to its ground and could not be conquered. After being seized, all its people were buried alive. Then, Xiang Yu retuned and report to Xiang Liang.

关于如何点校古文，其实，历来也没有一个科学的理论，来提供客观标准的指导，所以，做点校的人也都是凭借自己的知识水平和感觉进行这项工作，也就是说，这也是一项非常主观的工作，而这也是语法缺失带来的一个后果。比如，这里的“襄城坚守，不下”，传统点校版本都是“襄城坚守不下”，这里的逗号其实是不可或缺的，因为这里的“下”是动词，而这个动词的主语并不是前面的“襄城”，而是项籍，所以，“襄城坚守不下”并不同属一个句子，而是两个句子，所以，这里必须要加一个逗号。

9、项梁闻陈王定死，召诸别将会薛计事。

会：会和、会聚，动词。

计：商议、谋划，动词。

释文：项梁听说陈王肯定已经死了，召集诸位副将在薛地会和商议事情。

译文：Hearing that King Chen must have died, Xiang Liang convened his deputy generals to meet at Xue County to plan for the future.

10、此时,沛公亦起沛，往焉。

释文：在这个时候，沛公也在沛县起事，前往依附。

译文：At this moment, Lord Pei also uprose at County of Pei, and came to join Xiang Liang.

关于如何点校古文，这里的“此时，沛公亦起沛”也是一个很好的实例，在传统点校中，“此时沛公亦起沛”，这里是没有逗号的，我为什么给它加上逗号呢，因为这里的“此时”不是用来修饰“沛公”的，不是“此时的沛公”，而是句子的状语，时间状语，修饰整个句子，给后面整个句子添加时间信息，所以，这里的“此时”后面需要用逗号和后面的主句相隔离，这与英语语法中也是完全相同的现象。

　　居鄛人范增，年七十，素居家，好奇计，往说项梁曰：“陈胜败固当。夫秦灭六国，楚最无罪。自怀王入秦不反，楚人怜之至今，故，楚南公曰‘楚虽三户，亡秦必楚’也。今陈胜首事，不立楚後而自立，其势不长。今君起江东，楚蜂午之将皆争附君者，以君世世楚将，为能复立楚之後也。”於是，项梁然其言，乃求楚怀王孙心民间，为人牧羊，立以为楚怀王，从民所望也。陈婴为楚上柱国，封五县，与怀王都盱台。项梁自号为武信君。

1、居鄛人范增，年七十，素居家，好奇计，往说项梁曰：“陈胜败固当。夫秦灭六国，楚最无罪。

释文：居鄛人范增，年纪七十岁，向来居住在家里，喜欢奇异的计谋，前往游说项梁说：陈胜的失败本来就是应当的。秦国消灭了六国，楚国是最没有罪过的。

译文：Fan Zeng, a native to the County of Juchao, aged at seventy and living at his home for most of his life, was skillful in making surprising schemes and went canvassing Xiang Liang. He said: “The defeat of Chen Sheng was essentially appropriate. Among the six kingdoms conquered by Qin, Chu was the most innocent.

2、自怀王入秦不反，楚人怜之至今，故，楚南公曰‘楚虽三户，亡秦必楚’也。

释文：自从楚怀王去了秦国没有返回，楚人至今让人可怜他，所以，楚南公说“楚国即使只剩下三户人家，灭亡秦国的也必定是楚人”。

译文：Ever since Chu-Huai King went into Qin State and did not make it back to Chu State, he had the sympathy of the Chu people up until now. Therefore, Chu-nan Lord said that “even if the Chu State had only three families left behind, those who overturned Qin State must be Chunese.

3、今陈胜首事，不立楚後而自立，其势不长。

势：形势、情势，名词。

释文：现在陈胜首先起事，不扶立楚王室后人，却自立为王，他的势头不会长久。

译文：Now, Chen Sheng uprose first, but he did not throne the descents of the royal family of Chu and throned himself, so his momentum would not last long.

4、今君起江东，楚蜂午之将皆争附君者，以君世世楚将，为能复立楚之後也。”

蜂：众多的、成群的，形容词。

午：纵横相交的，形容词。

蜂午：形容词近义词连用。

释文：现在您在江东起事，楚国蜂拥而来的将领们都会争抢着依附您，因为您世世代代都是楚国将领，因为您能够再次扶立楚国的后人。

译文：Now you uprose on the east side of Yangtze River, and the generals would swarm and rush to join you because your family have been the general of Chu State generation after generation and you will be able to throne the descendant of the royal family of Chu.

5、於是，项梁然其言，乃求楚怀王孙心民间，为人牧羊，立以为楚怀王，从民所望也。

释文：在这个时候，项梁认为他说的话是对的。于是，在民间寻求楚怀王的孙子心，他替人放牧羊群，扶立他成为楚怀王，顺从了百姓的愿望。

译文：At this moment, Xiang Liang concurred with him. Therefore, he sought the grandson of Chu-huai King from among the folks, and found that he was shepherd. Then, Xiang liang throne him the Chu-huai King, and followed the wish of the people.

6、陈婴为楚上柱国，封五县，与怀王都盱台。项梁自号为武信君。

盱台：即，盱眙，今江苏省淮安市盱眙县。

释文：陈婴担任楚国的上柱国，被分封了五个县，和楚怀王定都在盱眙县。项梁自己的称号是武信君。

译文：Chen Ying was rewarded the title of Shangzhuguo General of Chu State and five counties, and he established the capital of Chu State with Chu-huai King in Xu Yi County. Xiang Liang gave himself the title of Lord of Wu Xin.

点评：从这些事情以及其中人物的话语中，我们可以很明显地感受到当时之人的整体政治观念水平，当时的观念既有商周封建家天下的余韵，也有后世君主制的端倪，整体而言，应当是夹杂在两者之间的一种矛盾状态。