每日外刊 可控核聚变发电或成未来?

背景知识

12月13日,美联社放出了一个重磅消息:美国科学家在可控核聚变取得了重大突破。

美国能源部随后在社交平台上表示,位于加州的劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室在可控核聚变首次实现了净能量增益,他们将这次新的技术突破称为“走向清洁能源的里程碑”。

可控核聚变相信大家都不陌生,它的俗名叫做“人造太阳”,假如事实真的如官方报道所说,那么它的意义堪比人类的第二次工业革命。在可控核聚变的加持下,人类在不远的将来就有机会实现能源大解放,并真正的冲出太阳系。


正文阅读

Controlled fusion power is little nearer now than it was a week ago

与一周前相比,可控核聚变发电已近在咫尺

Despite excited reports, the NIF’s announcement will not lead to civil fusion reactors. On December 13th America’s energy secretary, Jennifer Granholm, announced that the country’s National Ignition Facility (NIF) had lived up to the “I” in its name, by achieving ignition. The stuff ignited was some pellets of a frozen mixture of deuterium and tritium—isotopes of hydrogen that have, respectively, one and two neutrons in their nuclei in addition to the single proton that is hydrogen’s nuclear characteristic.

尽管有令人兴奋的报道,但NIF的声明不会导致民用聚变反应堆的建立。12月13日,美国能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆宣布,美国国家点火设施(NIF)实现了点火,没有辜负其名中的“I”。被点燃的物质是由氢同位素氘和氚组成的冷冻混合物小球。氘氚都是氢的同位素,除了氢的核特征——单质子外,它们的原子核中分别还有一个和两个中子。

NIF, part of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, is a fusion operation, the main purpose of which is to investigate the physics of hydrogen bombs. These work by fusing deuterium and tritium nuclei to create helium nuclei, a neutron, and some energy. Multiply “some energy” by a lot of such inpidual fusion reactions and you get a bang. In a bomb that bang is big, and is triggered by a smaller fission explosion, involving plutonium. In one of NIF’s pellets it is tiny, and is triggered by the convergence on the pellet of 192 laser beams, in a process called inertial confinement.

NIF是加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的一部分,是一项核聚变项目,主要目的是研究氢弹的物理现象。它们的工作原理是将氘核和氚核聚变,产生氦核、一个中子和一些能量。将“一些能量”乘以很多这样的单独聚变反应,你就会得到一个爆炸。在核弹中,爆炸威力很大,是由较小的裂变爆炸引发的,其中包括钚。在NIF的一个小球中,它是微小的,由192束激光汇聚在小球上触发,这个过程被称为惯性约束。

The compression caused by the beams (or, rather, by x-rays generated by their effect on the capsule containing the pellet) overcomes the mutual electrical repulsion of the nuclei of the atoms in the pellet, which are all positively charged. It thereby pushes those nuclei close enough to one another for a different fundamental force, the strong nuclear force (which operates only at short ranges) to take over.

光束(或者,更确切地说,是由它们对包含小球的小容器产生的X射线)产生的压缩克服了小球中原子核的相互电排斥,这些原子核都带正电。因此,它推动这些原子核彼此足够接近,从而产生一种不同的基本力,即强核力(只在短距离内起作用)。


今日单词


素材来源

文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)

作者:Unknown

原文发布时间:15 Dec. 2022


每日美句

He who has an art has everywhere a part.

一招鲜,吃遍天。

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页面更新:2024-05-13

标签:莫尔   可控   加州   原子核   能源部   聚变   同位素   中子   小球   美国   未来

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