中英阅读｜不吹不黑，立陶宛这个弹丸之地，曾经也做过欧洲老大

在14世纪，立陶宛大公国是欧洲最大的国家；今天的立陶宛、白俄罗斯、乌克兰以及波兰和俄罗斯的部分地区都是大公国的领土。

In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe;present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were all lands of the Grand Duchy.

立陶宛，正式名称为立陶宛共和国（立陶宛语：Lietuvos ResPublica），是欧洲波罗的海地区的一个国家。它是波罗的海三国之一，位于波罗的海东岸。立陶宛北部与拉脱维亚接壤，东部和南部与白俄罗斯接壤，南部与波兰接壤，西南部与俄罗斯（加里宁格勒州）接壤。立陶宛面积65300平方公里（25200平方英里），人口280万。其首都和最大城市是维尔纽斯；其他主要城市是考纳斯和克莱普达。立陶宛人属于巴尔特人的民族语言群体，说立陶宛语，这是仅有的几种活的波罗的海语言之一。

Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.[a] It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.

奥萨战争，超清图

几千年来，波罗的海的东南海岸居住着各种波罗的海部落。在12世纪30年代，立陶宛的土地被明道加斯统一，于1253年7月6日建立了立陶宛王国。在14世纪，立陶宛大公国是欧洲最大的国家；今天的立陶宛、白俄罗斯、乌克兰以及波兰和俄罗斯的部分地区都是大公国的领土。1569年卢布林联盟成立后，立陶宛和波兰组成了自愿的两国个人联盟，即波兰-立陶宛联邦。英联邦持续了两个多世纪，直到邻国在1772-1795年将其拆除，俄罗斯帝国吞并了立陶宛的大部分领土。第一次世界大战结束后，立陶宛于1918年2月16日签署了《独立法》，建立了现代立陶宛共和国。在第二次世界大战中，立陶宛首先被苏联占领，然后被纳粹德国占领。1944年战争接近尾声时，德国人正在撤退，苏联重新占领了立陶宛。立陶宛对苏联占领的武装抵抗一直持续到20世纪50年代初。1990年3月11日，即苏联正式解体前一年，立陶宛通过了《立陶宛国重建法》，成为第一个宣布独立的苏维埃共和国。

For millenia the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, founding the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July 1253. In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe;present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were all lands of the Grand Duchy. With the Union of Lublin of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state personal union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries dismantled it in 1772–1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory. As World War I ended, Lithuania's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, founding the modern Republic of Lithuania. In World War II, Lithuania was occupied first by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. Towards the end of the war in 1944, when the Germans were retreating, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. Lithuanian armed resistance to the Soviet occupation lasted until the early 1950s. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania passed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, becoming the first Soviet republic to proclaim its independence.

位于加尔瓦湖心岛上的特拉凯城堡

立陶宛是一个发达国家，拥有高收入的发达经济体；在人类发展指数中排名很高。它在公民自由、新闻自由和互联网自由方面排名有利。立陶宛自1990年代以来人口逐渐减少，收入不平等和高自杀率等社会问题仍然是一个问题。立陶宛是欧盟、欧洲委员会、欧元区、北欧投资银行、申根协定、北约和经合组织的成员国。它参与了北欧-波罗的海八国（NB8）区域合作模式。

Lithuania is a developed country, with a high income advanced economy; ranking very high in the Human Development Index. It ranks favourably in terms of civil liberties, press freedom and internet freedom. Lithuania has experienced a gradual population decline since the 1990s, with social issues such as income inequality and high suicide rate remaining a problem. Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, eurozone, the Nordic Investment Bank, Schengen Agreement, NATO and OECD. It participates in the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) regional co-operation format.

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