「物流学」物流与信息技术2

我们接着上期分享的内容，继续介绍物流与信息技术结合的产物，今天我们将分享办公自动化系统和通信系统。

We continue to share the last period, continue to introduce the combination of logistics and information technology products, today we will share office automation systems and communication systems.

首先是办公自动化系统，它为处理个人和组织的业务数据、进行计算并生成文件提供了有效的方式。办公自动化系统中的通用软件包，包含文字处理、电子制表、演示以及数据库管理软件等，你们中的大多数可能在计算机入门课程中已学过如何使用这些软件。

First is the office automation system, which provides an efficient way to process business data for inpiduals and organizations, make calculations, and generate files.Universal software packages in office automation systems, including text processing, electronic tabulation, demonstrations, and database management software, and most of you may have learned how to use them in your introductory computer course.

与物流人员最相关的通用软件包是电子制表软件。然而早期的个人电脑制表程序仅仅相当于一个快速计算器，而当今的电子表格则集合了大量的功能，管理者利用电子表格可以低成本地快速解决各种复杂的经营问题。

The general software package most related to logistics personnel is electronic tabulation software.But early PC tablemaking programs amounted to just a quick calculator, while today's spreadsheet assembled a lot of features that managers used spreadsheets to quickly solve various complex business problems at low cost.

实际上，20世纪90年代初期电子制表软件在物流中的应用反映出当时软件包能力非常有限。例如，可处理的一些代表性问题包括:经济订货批量(EOQ)计算，仓库面积测定，运输模型和承运人决策，生产计划，重心法选址决策等。20世纪90年代之后，电子制表软件的处理能力不断提升，以致许多企业可以利用电子制表软件分析原来只能由专用程序解决的问题。在此，一些运输成本最小化的经典问题(如以最小运输成本将产品从多源产地运往多目的地)都可以使用电子制表软件进行分析。

In fact, the application of electronic watchmaking software in logistics in the early 1990s reflected the very limited package capabilities at that time.For example, some representative issues that can be dealt with include: economic order batch (EOQ) calculation, warehouse area measurement, transportation model and carrier decision-making, production plan, center of gravity method site selection decision, etc.After the 1990s, the processing capacity of electronic watchsoftware improved, so that many enterprises could use electronic making software to analyze problems that could only be solved by specialized programs.Here, some classic problems of minimizing transportation costs (such as transporting products from a multi-source origin to multiple destinations at a minimum transportation cost) can be analyzed using electronic tabulation software.

如今，利用电子制表软件可以对基本物流优化模型进行求解。物流优化模型利用电子制表软件和插件帮助物流人员对战略、战术、操作和协同层面的关键物流问题进行复杂的判断和决策。例如，全球消费品生产企业宝洁(P&.G) 使用安装有“What's Best”插件的电子制表软件进行工厂选址和工厂规模这一战略层面的决策。物流优化模型与传统的运筹学不同，物流优化模型通常更注重实际的实施而不是纯优化。因此，电子制表软件的使用为物流人员提供了一个执行“what-if"分析的方法以支持其制定物流决策。

Today, the basic logistics optimization model can be solved using electronic watchmaking software.The logistics optimization model uses electronic spreadmaking software and plug-ins to help logistics personnel make complex judgments and decisions on critical logistics issues at the strategic, tactical, operational and collaborative levels.For example, P&., a global consumer goods manufacturerG) uses spreadmaking software installed with the "What's Best" plug-in.Unlike the traditional logistics optimization research, the logistics optimization model usually pays more attention to practical implementation rather than pure optimization.Therefore, the use of spreadmaking software provides logistics personnel with a way to perform " what-if" analysis to support their logistics decisions.

通信系统有助于不同利益相关者(雇员、供应商和顾客)通过不同的方式进行互动和信息分享来协同工作。从物流的角度来看，“9.11”事件凸显了严格定义和高效执行的通信系统的重要性，尤其对于那些使用和提供空运服务的企业。由于恐怖袭击后的几天全美航空系统处于完全瘫痪状态，许多空运货物被转为货车运输，从而延迟了货物的交付。因此，联邦快递等空运服务提供商为通知客户货物抵达时间忙得不可开交。自20世纪70年代本书首版以来，电信技术迅速发展，如传真机、个人计算机、电子邮件、移动电话、平板电脑和智能手机等。就在20世纪90年代，这些技术还被认为是工作场所的奢侈品。而如今，这些技术已成为现代物流人员完成工作.所必不可少的工具。

Communication systems help different stakeholders (employees, suppliers, and customers) to interact and share information together in different ways.From a logistics point of view, "9.11" events highlights the importance of strictly defined and efficiently implemented communication systems, especially for those that use and provide air transport services.As the US airways system was completely paralyzed in the days following the terrorist attacks, many air cargo were converted to freight transport, thus delaying delivery.Therefore, air service providers such as FedEx are busy informing customers of arrival times.Since the first edition of the book in the 1970s, telecommunications technology has developed rapidly like fax machines, computers, email, mobile phones, tablets and smartphones.Just in the 1990s, these techniques were also considered a workplace luxury.Now, these technologies have become modern logistics personnel.The essential tools.

电子数据交换,在20世纪90年代曾被许多专家视为物流信息技术的标尺。而在进入21世纪的第一个10年，无线通信(wireless communication)脱颖而出，成为物流信息技术的标尺。我们这里无线通信指的是不通过电线电缆进行的通信，包括红外线、微波、无线电传输等。无线通信在物流中应用广泛，我们来看一种比较普及的应用，即全球定位系统。全球定位系统( global positioning systems,GPS)，是指用于传输精确描述物体准确位置信号的卫星网络。我们比较熟悉的个人导航设备就是一种 GPS，在驾驶时个人导航设备可以提供地图或语音提示。

Electronic data exchange, was seen in the 1990s by many experts as a ruler of logistics information technology.In the first decade of the 21st century, wireless communication (wireless communication) stood out as the ruler of logistics information technology.We here wireless communication refers to communication not through wires and cables, including infrared, microwave, radio transmission, etc.Wireless communication is widely used in logistics, and we will look at a relatively popular application, namely the global positioning system.The Global Positioning System (global positioning systems,GPS) is a satellite network used to transmit signals accurately describing the accurate position of an object.The personal navigation device we are familiar with is a GPS, personal navigation device that can provide maps or voice tips while driving.

高昂的燃油成本和不断提高效率与生产率的压力，使得GPS对物流运输极具价值。事实上，那些使用了GPS的企业报告说，GPS的应用提高了工人的生产率、减少了运作成本、改善了顾客关系。更确切地说，某项研究发现，GPS的应用使运输企业的每位车辆驾驶员每天可以抢回1小时的时间，相当于大约每位员工5500美元的人力节约。该研究还指出，GPS的应用可以使企业车辆每周减少230英里的运输里程，年节约燃油大约52 000美元。

High fuel costs and constant pressure on efficiency and productivity make GPS valuable for logistics.In fact, businesses that used GPS have reported that GPS's applications have increased worker productivity, reduced operating costs, and improved customer relationships.Rather, a study found that the application of GPS allowed each vehicle driver in a transport enterprise to grab back an hour per day, equivalent to manpower savings of about $5,500 per employee.The study also noted that the application of GPS can reduce corporate vehicles by 230 miles a week and save fuel by about $52,000 a year.

这些与信息技术结合的产物能促使物流业的发展，使物流业能够更加方便，产出更多的利润，今天的分享就到这里吧。

These products combined with information technology can promote the development of the logistics industry, make the logistics industry more convenient, produce more profits, today's share here.

参考资料:百度百科。
翻译:谷歌翻译。
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