在对我们的研究进行的叙述过程中，利用证据和实例来阐释说明是一个重要组成部分。的确，作者在论文中所提供的说明，表意明确的话，能够帮助作者强化研究结论的准确性；而不恰当的表达，反而可能让读者对文章的研究结论心生怀疑。因此，使用适当且符合逻辑的句子引导读者理解论文的研究内容，是撰写论文时十分必要的能力。
1. 利用证据和实例的最佳时机
证据和实例为我们的说明打下一个稳定的基础。没有实例辅助的话，论文的结论缺乏可信度。不论是流水帐般的实例验证，还是无法提供任何材料或信息的来源，二者其实都一样糟糕的。因此，当你介绍实例时，需要确保适时睿智地挑选证据，并使用适当和清楚的句子来说明这个实例能够论证你的结论。当你在写作论文有以下几种需要时，你应该要介绍你的实例论证：
- 说明“非普遍知识”的内容时 ;
- 根据某个数据来引导结论、推论或说明涵义时;
- 需要澄清一个先前的叙述，使用范例说明能够更加清楚的时候;
- 需要找出某个类别的代表性范例;
- 想要区分概念时;
- 想要利用某个情况来强调某个特点时。
2. 相关句型使用建议
以下是根据功能的不同，我们列出了几个句型，虽然这个列表并不详尽，但至少能提供几个可以使用的短语类型。
2.1
目的 stating information that is not “common knowledge”
介绍性句型
- [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]
- As [Author] indicated/stated/discovered
- According to [Author],
范文
- As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
- According to Marks and Peters . . .
2.2
目的 drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data
介绍性句型
- suggests
- as evidenced/suggested/indicated by
- based on
- can be seen/observed when
- as seen in
- which is made apparent when
- is demonstrated by/through/when
- hinges on
范文
- The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
- As evidenced/suggested/indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .
- Based on self-reported survey results . . .
- This phenomenon can be seen/observed when wind speeds exceed . . .
- As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .
- The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .
- The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .
- This conclusion hinges on . . .
2.3
目的 clarifying a prior statement
介绍性句型
- for example
- for instance
- by way of illustration
- as an example
- to clarify
- to explain further
- namely
- to be specific
- that is,
- in other words,
范文
- This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
- It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
- By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . .
- As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .
- To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
- To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .
- Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.
- To be specific, bull markets can . . .
- That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .
- In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
2.4
目的 identifying representative examples of a category
介绍性句型
- for example/instance
- such as*
- e.g.
- one/another example
- like*
- excluding
- including
- an example being
*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.
范文
- Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/instance.
- The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.
- The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).
- One/another example of this exception is . . .
- I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.
- All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
- All stars, including our sun, . . .
- Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
2.5
目的 distinguishing concepts
介绍性句型
- in a similar case
- unlike the case of
- in the same way
- as a case in point
- in a typical situation
- in a normal scenario
范文
- In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .
- Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.
- Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.
- As a case in point, let's look at the situation in which . . .
- In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
- In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
2.6
目的 emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation
介绍性句型
- for example
- indeed
- in fact
- notably
- markedly
- as a case in point
范文
- Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .
- Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
- Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
- High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .
- Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
- As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .
