夏季是儿童腹泻的高发季节。孩子一天拉几次稀便，家长往往第一反应是“吃坏肚子了”。然而，夏季腹泻的原因远不止饮食不洁这么简单，病毒、细菌都可能“趁虚而入”。了解背后的常见原因，掌握科学的护理方法，才能帮助孩子平稳度过这个“多事之夏”。

Summer is a peak season for diarrhea in children. When a child has several loose stools a day, parents often immediately think it's “something they ate.” However, the causes of summer diarrhea go far beyond unclean food—viruses and bacteria can also take advantage. Understanding the common causes and mastering scientific care methods can help children get through this “troublesome season” smoothly.

夏季腹泻的常见原因

夏季儿童腹泻主要分为感染性腹泻和非感染性腹泻两大类。感染性腹泻是最主要的原因，由病毒、细菌或寄生虫等病原体入侵肠道引发。

• 病毒性腹泻：轮状病毒是婴幼儿重症胃肠炎的首要病因，约占住院病例的40%；诺如病毒传染性强，常在社区和集体机构中引起暴发。
• 细菌性腹泻：夏季高发，常见病原体包括痢疾杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等。细菌性腹泻常伴随黏液脓血便、高热和腹痛。
• 非感染性腹泻：多因饮食不当（如过量摄入高糖食物、生冷食物）、着凉或过敏等原因引起，一般无发热症状。

Common Causes of Summer Diarrhea

Summer diarrhea in children is mainly divided into infectious and non-infectious types. Infectious diarrhea is the primary cause.

Viral diarrhea: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants, accounting for about 40% of hospitalizations; norovirus is highly contagious and often causes outbreaks in communities and group settings.

Bacterial diarrhea: More common in summer, with common pathogens including Shigella, Salmonella, and E. coli. Bacterial diarrhea is often accompanied by mucoid or bloody stools, high fever, and abdominal pain.

Non-infectious diarrhea: Often caused by improper diet, catching a chill, or allergies, generally without fever.

家庭护理的“三要三不要”

要补液，不要只喝白水：腹泻最大的危险不是拉肚子本身，而是脱水。口服补液盐（ORS）是首选。按照说明书冲调，遵循少量多次原则喂服。如果没有口服补液盐，可临时用米汤加少量盐代替。不要给孩子喝果汁、糖水或运动饮料，含糖量高会加重腹泻。

要进食，不要盲目禁食：传统“饿一饿”的观念是错误的。腹泻期间无需禁食，合理饮食反而有助于肠道恢复。母乳喂养的婴儿继续母乳；已添加辅食的儿童可选择米粥、烂面条、香蕉等易消化食物。避免油腻、生冷和高纤维食物。

要观察，不要乱用药：密切观察孩子的精神状态、尿量和大便性状。切勿自行给孩子使用成人止泻药或抗生素。抗生素对病毒无效，滥用反而可能加重肠道菌群紊乱。益生菌和蒙脱石散等可在医生指导下使用。

The “Three Dos and Three Don‘ts” of Home Care

Do rehydrate, don‘t just drink plain water: The greatest danger of diarrhea is dehydration. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is the first choice. Follow the instructions and feed small amounts frequently. If ORS is unavailable, rice water with a little salt can be used temporarily. Don’t give children juice, sugary drinks, or sports drinks—high sugar content can worsen diarrhea.

Do eat, don‘t fast blindly: The traditional idea of “starving” is wrong. There’s no need to fast during diarrhea—proper nutrition actually helps intestinal recovery. Breastfed infants should continue breastfeeding; children on solid foods can have congee, soft noodles, bananas, and other easily digestible foods. Avoid greasy, raw, and high-fiber foods.

Do observe, don‘t self-medicate: Closely monitor the child’s mental state, urine output, and stool characteristics. Never give children adult anti-diarrheal drugs or antibiotics on your own. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses and may worsen gut flora imbalance. Probiotics and montmorillonite powder can be used under medical guidance.

这些情况必须立即就医

出现以下危险信号时，应立即就医，切勿拖延：

• 脱水迹象：超过8小时无尿或尿量极少、哭时无泪、眼窝凹陷、皮肤弹性差、精神萎靡或烦躁不安。
• 大便异常：便中带血、黏液脓血便或呈柏油样。
• 持续高热：体温超过39℃，或发热超过48小时不退。
• 频繁呕吐：超过12小时无法进食进水。
• 其他严重症状：抽搐、意识模糊、严重腹痛。

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

If any of the following danger signs appear, seek medical attention immediately without delay:

Signs of dehydration: No urine for over 8 hours or very scant urine, no tears when crying, sunken eyes, poor skin elasticity, lethargy or irritability.

Abnormal stools: Blood in stool, mucoid or bloody stools, or tarry stools.

Persistent high fever: Temperature above 39°C, or fever lasting more than 48 hours.

Frequent vomiting: Unable to eat or drink for over 12 hours.

Other severe symptoms: Seizures, confusion, severe abdominal pain.

夏季孩子腹泻，家长不必过度惊慌，但也不能掉以轻心。科学补液、合理饮食、密切观察，是家庭护理的三大支柱。同时要记住：该就医时绝不犹豫，及时的专业干预是孩子健康的最大保障。

When children have diarrhea in summer, parents don‘t need to panic, but should not take it lightly either. Scientific rehydration, proper diet, and close observation are the three pillars of home care. Remember: never hesitate to seek medical help when needed—timely professional intervention is the greatest safeguard for your child’s health.