摘 要
奥斯卡·王尔德是19世纪英国最伟大的作家与艺术家之一《道林格雷的画像》是他的第一部作品同时也是唯一一篇长篇小说。在这部作品中，道林格雷为了永葆自己美好的青春面貌，受到亨利勋爵的言语蛊惑，伤害并害死了挚友贝塞尔和女演员西碧尔。国内外专家学者对这部作品的各个角度的美学体现都分析透彻，但缺少对不同人物美学意义的整合，对此这篇论文针对出发去研究三位主人物的三重美学表达:
（1）泛指现在存在的一切文学
（2）特质1919——1949这三十年的文学（与解放后的当代文学相对）
（3）大概是欧美的现代主义文学，包括意识流、黑色幽默、荒诞主义，达达主义、存在主义等等，的现代主义文学
本文还用佛洛依德的人格理论分析了了三位主要人物的性格入手，探讨了《道林格雷的画像》中所体现的人物美学意义，认知王尔德的美学理论。最终将王尔德的美学理论也运用在实际生活之中，让我们的美学意识得到一定程度的提升。与此同时，还能够更清晰地认知王尔德想要表达的美学思想，在今后鉴赏王尔德其他的文学作品时，能够更好体会作品中所蕴含的美学思想以及作品本身的美学意义。
关键词：奥斯卡·王尔德；美学理论；《道林格雷的画像》
THE TRIPLE EXPRESSION of Wilde's aesthetic theory of the characters figure in The Picture of Dorian Gray
Oscar Wilde, one of the greatest English writers and artists of the 19th century, wrote his first and only long novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. In this work, Dorian Gray is lured by Lord Henry's words to keep his beautiful youthful appearance forever, and he hurts and kills his best friend Basil and the actress Sybil. Experts and scholars both at home and abroad have thoroughly analyzed the aesthetic expressions of this work from various perspectives, but there is a lack of integration of the aesthetic meanings of different characters, so this thesis aims to study the triple aesthetic expressions of the three main characters.
This thesis begins with the symbolic meanings of the three main characters, discusses the aesthetic meanings of the characters embodied in The Picture of Dorian Gray, and recognizes Wilde's aesthetic theory. Ultimately, Wilde's aesthetic theory is also applied to real life, so that our aesthetic awareness can be enhanced to some extent. At the same time, we will also be able to cognize more clearly the aesthetic ideas that Wilde wanted to express, and when appreciating other literary works of Wilde in the future, we will be able to better appreciate the aesthetic ideas contained in the works as well as the aesthetic meaning of the works themselves.
Key words: Oscar Wilde, Aesthetic theory, The Picture of Dorian Gray
Oscar Wilde (16 October 1854 - 30 November 1900), born in Dublin, Ireland, was one of the greatest British writers and artists of the 19th century, known for his plays, poetry, fairy tales and novels, an icon of aestheticism, a major force in the aesthetic movement of the 1880s and a forerunner of the decadent movement of the 1990s. In his creating life, he wrote a lot of masterpiece,such as The Picture of Dorian Gray, Lady Windermere`s Fan, The Importance of Being Earnest and Poems.
Wilde was born in Dublin, Ireland, the second son of a family of distinction. His father, Sir William Wilde, was a surgeon, and his mother was a poet and writer. With his great self-confidence and talent, and despite his later years, his artistic achievements made him a classic artist of the world.
In his lifetime, he wrote nine fairy tales, each of which was a gem, and his fairy tales were comparable to Hans Christian Andersen's tales and Grimm's fairy tales. Wilde's quest for aestheticism expanded the field of beauty and the scope of artistic expression, improved the ability of artistic expression, and provided a number of new experiences for future generations to learn from and study new factors for the development of art, which may not be a useful artistic exploration and progress.
This is the story of Dorian Gray, an aristocratic young man from London who is extremely handsome and kind-hearted. When he sees a portrait of himself by the painter Basil, he discovers his astonishing beauty and, under the spell of his friend Lord Henley, makes a wish on the portrait: that the beautiful boy will remain young, and that all the vicissitudes of time and the sins of youth will be borne by the portrait. At first Dorian is unconvinced, but when he plays with an actress's feelings, causing her to commit suicide, he discovers that the portrait of himself has undergone a sinister transformation. Instead of restraining himself, the fearful Dorian indulges his desires even more. As beautiful as he is, the portrait grows uglier by the day. Eighteen years later, disgusted by the painter's work and his own ugly soul, he murdered the painter Basil. Later, the actress's brother came to seek revenge, was deceived by the actress's rhetoric, and eventually died. It is the death of the actress's brother that awakens Dorian's conscience, and he raises his knife to the ugly portrait, dying himself in a strange way. His face becomes ugly and pale, while the portrait is as young as ever.
The Picture of Dorian Gray is a masterpiece of aestheticism at the end of the 19th century, and can be called the triple masterpiece of "art for art's sake" in dramatic fiction and painting.
In the foreign literature, most researchers have only focused on the aesthetic significance of the work itself, The Picture of Dorian Gray, thus neglecting what constitutes the aesthetic significance of the work under the whole and how the content of the work supports the aesthetic theoretical foundation of the work. As a result their literature can only be described as large and incomplete and in need of careful additions. However, in terms of studying Wilde's only long novel, these experts and scholars still have many directions to take and learn from
The 19th century is a period of rapid development of capitalist industrial civilization. On the one hand, the whole British society advocates the accumulation of material wealth, and constantly expands overseas, making expeditions, and people are crazy about money, reputation, rights and status. On the other hand, industrialization and urbanization led to the disintegration of people's personality at that time. New scientific discoveries made people doubt the power of traditional religious beliefs, lost their labor ethics and lost their inner balance. In such social reality, Oscar Wilde and others have a heavy sense of crisis in reality and art, but they are struggling to find a way to save the great. Therefore, under the influence of Walter Pate and John Ruskin's aesthetic ideas, Wilde pinned his poor hope on the idea of "aestheticism" and fancied that the beauty of art would offset the ugliness of society. He passively confronts society in decadent enjoyment, so he also becomes a representative figure of aestheticism..
Compared to the consistency of foreign research directions, the direction of domestic research on The Picture of Dorian Gray is more perse. It not only starts from the aesthetic meaning of the work itself, but also expands from the inside to the outside, studying the influence of an internal environmental image on the aesthetic meaning of the work; it also studies the philosophical meaning outside the work, making people think about what kind of philosophical thinking Wilde's aesthetic theory brings to people. These studies have inspired me to think beyond the work, to consider the aesthetic significance of each of the three characters in the work, and how the author combines their aesthetic symbols to present an intuitive aesthetic of the characters and the work to the audience. The research of Chinese scholars has given readers and subsequent researchers an open direction to explore Wilde's deeper aesthetic theories without being limited to the inpidual meanings of the work itself, but also to expand inward or outward.
The purpose of this thesis is to be able to make it easier for readers to understand Wilde's aesthetic theories and to be able to read the work The Picture of Dorian Gray with a simple and quick understanding of the different aesthetic meanings that each character represents. And after reading the novel to be able to look at the things in life with an aesthetic eye, to find beauty and know how to express these beautiful things, but will not forget the meaning of beauty itself for the pursuit of beauty, to deepen the understanding of what is aesthetic theory.
The significance of this thesis is to enable people to properly understand what is aesthetic theory and how beauty is the beautiful thing we want to pursue in our lives. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian Gray’s appearance is beauty, his appearance brings him many benefits, but due to receiving the influence of Lord Henry's language, he is willing to sacrifice those people who around him to maintain his permanent beautiful appearance. But this beauty would not be true beauty and becomes a flower of evil. Therefore, this essay will explain the three characters' aesthetic expressions to guide people to properly understand the aesthetic theory that Wilde wanted to express and lead people to pursue true beauty.
Oscar Wilde, a writer, was born in a prominent aristocratic family, his father was a doctor, and his mother was a poet and writer. During his school days, Wilde seemed out of place with boys of the same age because he liked lilies and sunset. However, he eventually entered Oxford University with his outstanding achievements in classical literature. During his stay in Oxford, Wilde began to contact with philosophy and evolution, and entered the literary world with the publication of his first collection of poems.
One day at the end of the 19 th century, Oscar Wilde visited a famous old painter and saw that the painter's male model was handsome. Oscar Wilde couldn't help feeling: "It's a pity that such a beautiful creature still has an aging day." The painter politely replied, "Yes, it would be nice if he could grow old instead of him." This is the writing opportunity of the novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray.
In order to thank the painter, he kept the real name of the painter Basil Howard in his novel. Undeniably, Wilde's shadow is evident in The Picture of Dorian Gray. He is not only the prototype of Lord Henry, a hedonist, but also Dorian Gray, who is willing to give everything in order not to look old. As Wilde himself said, the only way to get rid of temptation is to surrender to it. If you worship beauty, then exchange it with your soul.
At the end of the novel, dreaming of "killing" the portrait can make a clean break with the past, and Dorian Gray accidentally ends his life, but he forgets that he only wanted to have the beauty of resisting time at first-he had already easily obtained it. We can't assert that Dorian Gray's words and deeds all his life are to defend and practice beauty, but we can be sure that his madness stems from his greed for perfection and youth. As the novel by Lord Henry's words:
You have a rational look, and all that stuff. But beauty, the real beauty, ends at the moment when the rational expression appears.
After all, The Portrait of Dorian Gray is a story about self-attack. Dorian Gray's luck is that he can exchange his soul with the devil and keep his youth and beauty forever, and this obsession with beauty finally pushes him into the abyss.
In The Portrait of Dorian Gray, Dorian Gray lived for Wilde. This may be the life course that Wilde can foresee and accept: exchanging his soul for perfection, even if he will step into a state of eternal ruin. Oscar Wilde said that there are two kinds of tragedies in life, the first is not getting what you want, and the other is getting what you want. With the pen in his hand as a tool, he experienced the tragedy of losing and gaining, and was relieved from the reality.Oscar Wilde associated every moment of his life with beauty. Beauty is both his whole past and his whole future.
The thesis focuses on the inpidual aesthetic expressions of the three main characters and how the author combines and interconnects them to form a whole and present the work The Picture of Dorian Gray to the reader.
And the research methods of this thesis is literature research method and comparative method,by collecting and searching books in the library and researching from internet and all kinds of relevant journals. Besides, I will analyze researches by other experts and scholars to supplement this thesis.
I don't know when Wilde evolved into a symbol of aestheticism among many researchers. Therefore, Oscar Wilde is often associated with Aestheticism. (1) Aestheticism, as a far-reaching literary trend of thought in the second half of the 19th century in the West, is not completely understood by different writers in different periods and countries, and presents different value orientations. Wilde's aestheticism is full of complexity, which not only has the spirit advocated by French aestheticism, but also carries forward the artistic concepts of Keats and others, and also contains the aesthetic thoughts of ancient Greece, especially Plato, to a certain extent.
Needless to say, it is difficult to discuss Wilde's aestheticism. Wilde, as the master of the aestheticism school in Britain in the second half of the 19th century, his critical thought is indeed an important part of the aestheticism trend of thought in Britain, but he himself has never directly explained what aestheticism is or even used the term aestheticism. (2) Based on this situation, the combing and research of its concept should not be confined to the terms themselves, but should begin with clarifying the specific terms it uses. A survey of Wilde's related articles reveals that he likes to use the word "beauty" to represent or symbolize his aestheticism. In 1882, Oscar Wilde, who first entered the literary world, expressed his worship of "beauty" with a clear banner: "Love art for the sake of art, and you will have everything you need. Dedicated to beauty and creating beautiful things is the characteristic of all great civilized nations. " [2]25 Here, he associates "art", "beauty" and "great civilized nation", that is, he believes that no great nation does not love art; Those who love art are also beautiful. Obviously, "beauty" is synonymous with art in Wilde's aestheticism, that is, art is beauty. Therefore, he said: "Art has completed the conditions of beauty, and it has completed all conditions." [2]21 Art is composed of many conditions, which are unified in beauty.
The initial establishment of Wilde's aestheticism came during his studies at Oxford University. Soon after his admission, Wilde met John Ruskin, a professor of art, and took his course entitled 'Florentine Aesthetics and the School of Art'. Ruskin was a famous writer and critic of his time, a great connoisseur of painting and architecture, a man of many words in literary circles, and a leading figure in the Pre-Raphaelite movement that was the prelude to the English Aestheticism. His aesthetic ideas on the necessity of beauty and mechanical ugliness deeply influenced Wilde. Wilde's good taste in painting may also have had much to do with this period of education. This led to the establishment of Wilde's theory of aesthetic beauty, which was developed and refined in his subsequent literary work.
In the long story The Picture of Dorian Gray, there are three characters, each representing a different persona. Lord Henry's worldliness, utilitarianism, high society and aristocratic status; painter Basil's "art for art's sake", brains and artistic talent; and Dorian Gray’s young beauty and simple conception of love . And Dorian Gray gradually fell into Lord Henry's immoral advises and Basil's kindness advises. Reason and abandonment of emotion, depravity and abandonment of conscience, sobriety and confusion of the constant struggle. This long novel is a reflection of Wilde's true personal inner world.
In The Picture of Dorian Gray, there are three main characters: Dorian Gray, the painter Basil, and Lord Henry. Writers often pour their own emotional power into a character in their works, and sometimes, a character in a work will, more or less, carry a shadow of the author himself. In this literary work, these three core characters actually represent Wilde's own three different spiritual levels, which can also correspond to the great psychoanalyst Freud's three core theories about the human spirit: id, ego, and superego.
Chapter Three Triple expression of aesthetic theory
Wilde's work, The Picture of Dorian Gray, has caused a great deal of controversy and polarized people's opinion of the work. The work is mainly about "beauty" and the "ugliness" behind it. As Zimmerman said, beauty is something worse than wine, intoxicating the holder and the admirer and making them unaware of it. The beautiful teenager Dorian Gray is the holder of beauty, and the painter Basil is the admirer of beauty. The painter's painting makes the young man's youthful beauty last forever, but the young man keeps falling, and out of hatred for his own ugly soul and ugly face, he kills the painter, and also kills himself.
Dorian Gray's beauty is immortalized, but the sins he committed to enjoy life and obey his desires, the punishment he deserves, and the condemnation of his soul, all remain on the painting. Dorian Gray's body is separated from his soul, his body is only responsible for feeling beauty, and his soul's degradation and shame are given to the portrait.
Needless to say, it is difficult to discuss Wilde's aestheticism. Wilde, as the master of the aestheticism school in Britain in the second half of the 19th century, his critical thought is indeed an important part of the aestheticism trend of thought in Britain, but he himself has never directly explained what aestheticism is or even used the term aestheticism. (2) Based on this situation, the combing and research of its concept should not be confined to the terms themselves, but should begin with clarifying the specific terms it uses.
A survey of Wilde's related articles reveals that he likes to use the word "beauty" to represent or symbolize his aestheticism. In 1882, Oscar Wilde, who first entered the literary world, expressed his worship of "beauty" with a clear banner: "Love art for the sake of art, and you will have everything you need. Dedicated to beauty and creating beautiful things is the characteristic of all great civilized nations. " [2]25 Here, he associates "art", "beauty" and "great civilized nation", that is, he believes that no great nation does not love art; Those who love art are also beautiful. Obviously, "beauty" is synonymous with art in Wilde's aestheticism, that is, art is beauty. Therefore, he said: "Art has completed the conditions of beauty, and it has completed all conditions." [2]21 Art is composed of many conditions, which are unified in beauty.
Beauty occupies a supreme position in Wilde's art palace. It is the highest and lowest requirement of a literary work, and even the only condition for the existence of a literary work. It is from this aesthetic standard that he dedicated the highest literary praise to Keats, saying that "the artistic spirit of this century" was "finally found the perfect embodiment" in him. [2] 10 ~ 11 eulogizes beauty, equating art with beauty completely, that is, because art shows beauty, art has the value of existence, which is a basic viewpoint of Wilde's aestheticism, and it is also a viewpoint that has not changed in his whole life. In the preface of his late novel dorian gray, he still declared: "Artists are the creators of beautiful things." [3] No matter whether it is art or artist, Wilde always focuses on "beauty" when giving it meaning. Therefore, if Wilde's aestheticism is summed up in the simplest terms, it is a word-"beauty".
Therefore, Wilde has a high demand for "beauty", and the beauty he appreciates is complicated, polysemy and vague.
When Oscar Wilde detailed description of the physical appearance of the story's main character, Dorian Gray,He uses a great deal of visual sensory description, which makes it one of the basic elements of the novel's entire aesthetic. The main focus of the sensory description is on the author's specific choice of words, such as specific figurative nouns, the vocabulary of colorful images, and the vocabulary of other onomatopoeic sounds that are pleasing to the ear. The extensive uses of these classical words brings a pleasant visual enjoyment to all the senses of the readers. This is mainly in the description of the personal appearance of the main character, Dorian Gray, and other aspects have been brilliantly reflected, especially it is with the accumulation of murder, the appearance of successive changes in the formation of a strong contrast between reality and fiction.
The picture of Dorian Gray is telling about the life of a young man who has a noble birth from London.Dorian Gray, who is usually extremely handsome and kind-hearted. When he saw again a portrait painted by the painter Basil for his youthful beauty appearance, he suddenly discovered his amazing beauty, and under a temptation words of his friend Lord Henry, a new wish was written to him on his portrait: the beautiful young boy will remain youth forever, and all the evils about the change of time and harm to youth will be undertook by the portrait. At first Dorian is not easy to believe, but when he tries to play with the personal feelings of a young actress, leading her to choose suicide, he finds that his own personal portrait has taken a sinister natural turn. Instead of restraining himself completely, the fearful Dorian becomes more deliberate in indulging his insatiable desires. Eighteen years later, disgusted by a painter's artwork and his own ugly image of his own soul, he murdered Basil, with his own hands. Later, the actress's brother came back to seek revenge, and was forcibly deceived by Dorian Gray’s rhetoric, and he eventually died. It was a turning point that the actress’ brother’s death awakened Dorian Gray's conscience, and he raised a knife to the ugly portrait, and killed himself in a very strange way of life. His whole face had become ugly and pale, while his portrait was as young as ever.
Basil has bright beautiful eyes, fully embodies the sacrifice of painting beauty, and is prepared and willing to give everything for perfection. He is portrayed as a special artistic image which is completely unaffected by Lord Henry's seductive words, and at the same time can completely penetrate Lord Henry's thoughts. Dorian Gray appeared in Basil's classic hymns for the first time. Basil used the artist's keen ability to create sensory beauty, and he always pursued pure artistic beauty. Although Lord Henry is an unrestrained man, he never really tried to carry out these words. Basil was once considered as "never speaking morally, but never doing anything wrong". Your cynicism is just a gesture. This is in line with his characteristics and the lifestyle of a dude at that time. The character of dandyism advocates a kind of exquisite dress, satirical elegance and a kind of human behavior that transcends social customs. It is a kind of character with rich social expression and a display of life style. Playboys didn't deliberately express their true personal feelings or opinions, and didn't really act according to all the styles created by their performances. They just played the true image of a famous prodigal son in the play. fine white silk fabrics
If The Picture of Dorian Gray made readers sigh with emotion at the elaborate words and gorgeous phrasing, then the profound moral of the text was even more shocking to readers. It is said that how a person is, please look at his friends, which is reflected in the book. If the main character Dorian Gray himself with the devil, it is better to say that his friend Lord Henry will lead him to the abyss. For a young man, a personal and relevant friend will become his idol, leading him to find himself in the road of life, the achievement of self.
In addition, it is worthwhile for every modern reader to think about the many implications of the portrait. In this traditional modern culture, which emphasizes too much on the external, is the healthy growth of the human soul really neglected? Everything should use the same development mechanism, no matter what is used, it is necessary to develop in a balanced way. When too much attention is paid to the overall external image and the inner spiritual cultivation is completely neglected, the imbalance between the scales is only a matter of time. One day the power of his soul will be reversed, will not have to be not what they want.
The changing identity of Dorian Gray has given the novel a new perspective of research. Throughout the work, Dorian Gray's identity is closely linked to Basil Howard, Lord Henry Warden and the portrait.
The fourth chapter is the connection of the three characters
The role of Dorian Gray reflects Wilde's real and ordinary side, which we all show in real life. Each of us has our own extraordinary advantages and characteristics, but we must make full use of them to give full play to them. Just like what happened to Dorian Gray in the novel, he has an extraordinary appearance, which makes people indulge in it inadvertently. It is also because of the influence of people or things around him that his young beauty has a positive or negative impact on him. In the novel Dorian Gray, due to the language temptation of Lord Henry, he had an unrealistic fantasy of wanting to be young forever, and tried every means to keep his young appearance, which led to the death of his friend Basil and innocent young actress. At the end of the novel, a beautiful flower of evil grew, and he died of the portrait of bearing his crimes.
In this novel, Dorian Gray, Basil and Lord Henry are three different important figures, but from the perspective of modern psychological analysis, these three different important figures actually represent three different important aspects of Dorian Gray's physiological and psychological process. To be more precise, Wilde fully integrated this anthropomorphic narrative technique into the analysis of psychosocial factors, taking three specific figures as examples, showing three different psychosocial factors symbolizing an ordinary person. Basil symbolizes Dorian Gray's moral conscience gradually formed under the traditional British moral values and modern moral behavior standards; Lord Henry symbolizes the direct influence from the outside world, mainly due to the direct influence of hedonism and decadent ideas. Dorian Gray said that this is a symbol of his own nature and instinct. The biggest lesson from Wilde's novels is that if a person's instinct completely accepts the psychological guidance and moral restraint of conscience, a good person can completely suppress all kinds of desires and resist all kinds of temptations, which is a kind of harmony between rationality and human emotions and embark on a correct life path; If an external bad influence completely defeats his conscience and puts his instinct under the control of conscience, then if an external bad influence completely defeats his conscience and puts his instinct under the control of conscience, this person will surely go astray and do many bad things in turn. From these three main characters, it seems that we rarely see Wilde's own shadow directly. This novel seems to be only his own inner monologue, in which he carefully analyzes his inner thoughts and feelings, and boldly and directly shows the secret of his soul to the readers.
This character is not only a homosexual cultural figure, but also a pioneering artistic figure, often making sharp artistic statements and providing insights into contemporary art. His role in guiding Dorian Gray is an art teacher. It is through his books that Wilde may have been able to express some of his own literary and artistic thoughts. Looking back at some of Lord Henry's comments in his novels, it is obvious that his comments on the treatment of women, love and marriage in the traditional concept of homosexual love are a bit too ironic, sarcastic and too negative. Through other phonetic analysis in the novel, it is obvious that Lord Henry's various attitudes towards modern women are usually slightly analyzed through other phonetic analysis in the novel. Obviously, Lord Henry's attitudes towards modern women are usually slightly negative. He and his ex-wife have always maintained a hypocritical gay marriage relationship that seems almost respectful, but in fact seems to be separated; He hardly agrees with the beautiful same-sex love and sacred same-sex marriage, but he maintains a negative attitude of excessive irony and irony. Therefore, Lord Henry is a purely personal image of self-goodness. An ordinary person uses less of his own self-goodness to stimulate his self-goodness, and less of his own superego to suppress his human darkness. He can have what is shown in the novel, in fact, it is quite valuable, and he does not feel guilty about it. If you interpret Lord Henry from Wilde's self, I even think he is actually a character beautified by Wilde himself. He is not very vicious and cut to the chase. He is eloquent because his words carry many people's desires, but he has the courage to speak out. The values and outlook on life he represents are not only his own crimes, but the crimes of all of us; Theologically, the so-called original sin is actually an uncontrollable self, which brings us an unsatisfied desire.
Wilde said that Lord Henry was Wilde's eye of the world. I think Wilde is also lonely and sad. Or, a correct understanding of Wilde's words should be: Lord Henry is Wilde's understanding, and the world understands him. How can it not be lonely and sad? Wilde in the eyes of the world is not the same Wilde as Wilde in the eyes of the world he understands. And whether these two understandings really look like Lord Henry's novels. At least in my opinion, there is a difference between the two understandings. Even I can't deny that maybe the world really understands Wilde as he asserts. Art for the sake of art is Wilde's self-discipline in the sense of superego. He said that he is Basil in his own mind; This does not mean that he can really be as purely artistic as Basil. Of course, Wilde is indeed artistic in history, but compared with his Basil, I can't say it for the time being. The deeper meaning of Wilde's words is that he hopes that he can pursue, portray and protect beauty purely like Basil, and even give his life for the beauty he finally defined. Therefore, in order to protect Dorian Gray, Basil would want to destroy his most beautiful work, even though it has been in disrepair for a long time. He had hoped that Dorian Gray would accompany him all the way, so that his art could be more complete. He is passionate about the number of Dorian Gray and how he follows Dorian Gray, which is the beauty he longs for, the art he longs for and the endless enthusiasm, and the spiritual home he longs for. Handsome appearance and pure heart are Basil's aesthetic pursuit of art, and he would rather give up his life to defend his ideal.
Superego, guiding self and limiting self at the same time; The ego will react to the superego in turn, which is a virtuous circle of metaphysics. The significance of Basil's existence lies in this metaphysical aesthetic significance. Basil warned Dorian Gray not to trust Lord Henry; Dorian Gray said, "I think what he said makes sense. In addition, basil also asked Lord Henry not to destroy his Dorian Gray; Only Lord Henry wouldn't listen to him. Of course, the guidance and restriction of the superego is always not welcomed by the ego and the id-after all, the requirements of the superego are difficult to achieve, bringing pain and patience to oneself; Therefore, compared with the ego and the id, the guidance and limitations displayed by the superego are pale and powerless. Perhaps the reason why most of us are born ordinary and ultimately ordinary is because many times, our superego lacks execution, and we also let go of the id and self; We can't surpass ourselves, so we can only ignore greatness and continue to be ordinary until we die. Even more helpless, we all know where the problem lies, but there is nothing we can do-always sleepy and always lazy. Only a few persistent people can be perfect and achieve greatness. So the good thing is that Wilde's superego is reflected in Basil, not just Basil, so we can see such a great novel today.
As one of the main characters in The Portrait of Dorian Gray, the painter Basil represents a pure soul, and the pure soul can always find pure goodness from the beauty of things. Therefore, Basil will be so infatuated with Dorian Gray at the beginning of the novel. The appearance of this character also represents the appearance of the original self, which is the truest, loves life and feels a little beauty, instead of being mixed with other thoughts. Dorian Gray represents our growth, from ignorance of youth to contact with external things, eager to play a forward role in our souls, want to know everything in life, and can't tell what is good from what is bad. Therefore, true beauty is always the result of the soul's constant cultivation. The beauty we pursue in our life will never be once and for all. Our self-discipline, self-restraint, truthfulness, purity and kindness all nourish our soul. For us, desire and temptation will fall into the end of the world if we don't have the ability to control it. When we are mired in a quagmire, we will only regret it. If at first, this time, beauty is just a drag on people. I hope we can all take off the so-called gorgeous masks, let go of our impatient hearts, and pursue the true, good and beautiful souls.
As we all know, the world is pided into two in Plato, which is the unity of "phenomenon" and "idea". In his opinion, the artist's contrast with various things such as "creatures and utensils, plants" is only "a phenomenon", [8]455 but not real.
From the perspective of cognitive framework, Wilde almost completely accepted Plato's pision of the world theory, and introduced this cognitive framework into his aestheticism theory, that is, he also believed that the world should be pided into an ideal world and a phenomenon world. Moreover, compared with the phenomenon world, the idea world is a world of higher significance. Only in the process of introduction, he made a partial modification of "for my use": in Plato's view, art can't truly reflect truth or truth, because truth and truth are in the hands of "God". According to this logic, there is no need for art and artists to exist. The same is true, Plato always put artists under craftsmen. On the premise of inheriting his idea that the world is a higher world, Wilde greatly improved the artist's active position and regarded the artist as a person who can reveal the truth. In other words, Wilde changed Plato's view that the conceptual world is unrecognizable on the premise of admitting that the phenomenal world, that is, the real life, is untrue. His changing strategy is to regard art itself as the embodiment of truth or truth a priori, that is, art is equivalent to Plato's idea world. In this way, the process of artists engaging in artistic practice is the process of approaching truth and truth.
This thesis explores Wilde's aesthetic theory as expressed between the three main characters in order to be able to perceive Wilde's character aesthetics in this work in three dimensions.Afterwards, the self-expression between the characters connects the relationships and aesthetic meanings between the characters, so that readers can clearly understand the aesthetic connections between the characters and deeply understand the aesthetic theories Wilde wants to express.
In researching Wilde's novel, I have searched many national and international literature, but most experts and scholars have limited their research to inpidual characters or only focused on environmental imagery, without deeply understanding the interconnections between the three main characters in the novel.In addition, their research also produces a sense of distance between the characters, and the characters are not interconnected with each other, thus resulting in a deficiency in the aesthetic study of The Picture of Dorian Gray.Therefore, in order to remedy this deficiency, this thesis explores three aesthetic expressions of the three characters in terms of their relationships with each other and presents them to the reader in a three-dimensional manner.
However, this thesis also has some shortcomings, as the previous literature is not strong enough, resulting in a lack of detailed references, so some shortcomings will occur, but in the future research will continue to improve, and eventually present readers with a relatively independently formed system of triple aesthetic expressions of the characters.
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I am very grateful to my tutor, Associate Professor Zhu Wenxuan, for her accurate comments and enthusiastic guidance, which often motivated me to improve myself, and for her deep knowledge and understanding of literature, which guided me in the right direction. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to her for her selfless help in the process of completing this thesis.
At the same time, I would like to thank all my teachers who have taught me over the past four years. Without their guidance and supervision, it would have been extremely difficult to complete this thesis.
Finally, I really want to thank everyone who helped me in the process of writing this thesis, gave me advice and suggestions, and corrected my mistakes. Without their sincere support, I would not have been able to complete this thesis.
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