1、什么是循环依赖？

循环依赖主要来次三个方面，第一种A相互依赖，第二种是 A依赖B，B依赖A，第三种是A依赖B，B依赖C，C依赖A。

总结一句话就是对象之间形成环形依赖。

代码如下：

第一种：

public class A {
    private A a;
}

第二种：

public class A {
    private B b;
}
class B {
    private A a;
}

第三种：

public class A {
    private B b;
}
class B {
    private C c;
}
class C {
    private A a;
}

2、Spring 三级缓存是什么？

• 第一级缓存：singletonObjects，用于缓存成品的bean，保证 Spring 的单例属性。
• 第二级缓存：earlySingletonObjects，用于保存实例化完成的半成品 bean 实例,包括AOP代理对象。
• 第三级缓存：singletonFactories，Map>，Map 的 Value 是一个对象的代理工厂，用来存放对象的代理工厂用于保存 bean 创建工厂，以便后面有机会创建代理对象。为“打破循环”而生，存放的是生成半成品单例 Bean 的工厂方法。

要想说清楚三级缓存，我们先来看Spring bean 的生命周期，看bean的创建过程。

核心几个类我们从AnnotationConfigApplicationContext上下文为基础来讲解bean的生命周期，AnnotationConfigApplicationContext是基于注解的上下文，看下这核心构造器。

	/**
	 * Create a new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext, deriving bean definitions
	 * from the given component classes and automatically refreshing the context.
	 * @param componentClasses one or more component classes — for example,
	 * {@link Configuration @Configuration} classes
	 */
	public AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Class<?>... componentClasses) {
		this();
		register(componentClasses);
		refresh();
	}

再看refresh()

public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
		synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
			StartupStep contextRefresh = this.applicationStartup.start("spring.context.refresh");

			// Prepare this context for refreshing.
			prepareRefresh();

			// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
			ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();

			// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
			prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);

			try {
				// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
				postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);

				StartupStep beanPostProcess = this.applicationStartup.start("spring.context.beans.post-process");
				// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
				invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);

				// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
				registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
				beanPostProcess.end();

				// Initialize message source for this context.
				initMessageSource();

				// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
				initApplicationEventMulticaster();

				// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.
				onRefresh();

				// Check for listener beans and register them.
				registerListeners();

				// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
				finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);

				// Last step: publish corresponding event.
				finishRefresh();
			}

			catch (BeansException ex) {
				if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
					logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
							"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
				}

				// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
				destroyBeans();

				// Reset 'active' flag.
				cancelRefresh(ex);

				// Propagate exception to caller.
				throw ex;
			}

			finally {
				// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
				// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
				resetCommonCaches();
				contextRefresh.end();
			}
		}
	}

核心主要是finishBeanFactoryInitialization()，其中beanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons()该方法中会生成所有非懒加载的单例bean。

	protected void finishBeanFactoryInitialization(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory) {
		// Initialize conversion service for this context.
		if (beanFactory.containsBean(CONVERSION_SERVICE_BEAN_NAME) &&
				beanFactory.isTypeMatch(CONVERSION_SERVICE_BEAN_NAME, ConversionService.class)) {
			beanFactory.setConversionService(
					beanFactory.getBean(CONVERSION_SERVICE_BEAN_NAME, ConversionService.class));
		}

		// Register a default embedded value resolver if no BeanFactoryPostProcessor
		// (such as a PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer bean) registered any before:
		// at this point, primarily for resolution in annotation attribute values.
		if (!beanFactory.hasEmbeddedValueResolver()) {
			beanFactory.addEmbeddedValueResolver(strVal -> getEnvironment().resolvePlaceholders(strVal));
		}

		// Initialize LoadTimeWeaverAware beans early to allow for registering their transformers early.
		String[] weaverAwareNames = beanFactory.getBeanNamesForType(LoadTimeWeaverAware.class, false, false);
		for (String weaverAwareName : weaverAwareNames) {
			getBean(weaverAwareName);
		}

		// Stop using the temporary ClassLoader for type matching.
		beanFactory.setTempClassLoader(null);

		// Allow for caching all bean definition metadata, not expecting further changes.
		beanFactory.freezeConfiguration();

		// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
		beanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons();
	}

public void preInstantiateSingletons() throws BeansException {
    if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
    logger.trace("Pre-instantiating singletons in " + this);
}

// Iterate over a copy to allow for init methods which in turn register new bean definitions.
// While this may not be part of the regular factory bootstrap, it does otherwise work fine.
List beanNames = new ArrayList<>(this.beanDefinitionNames);

// Trigger initialization of all non-lazy singleton beans...
for (String beanName : beanNames) {
    RootBeanDefinition bd = getMergedLocalBeanDefinition(beanName);
    if (!bd.isAbstract() && bd.isSingleton() && !bd.isLazyInit()) {
        if (isFactoryBean(beanName)) {
            Object bean = getBean(FACTORY_BEAN_PREFIX + beanName);
            if (bean instanceof FactoryBean) {
                FactoryBean<?> factory = (FactoryBean<?>) bean;
                boolean isEagerInit;
                if (System.getSecurityManager() != null && factory instanceof SmartFactoryBean) {
                    isEagerInit = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                        (PrivilegedAction) ((SmartFactoryBean<?>) factory)::isEagerInit,
                        getAccessControlContext());
                }
                else {
                    isEagerInit = (factory instanceof SmartFactoryBean &&
                                   ((SmartFactoryBean<?>) factory).isEagerInit());
                }
                if (isEagerInit) {
                    getBean(beanName);
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            getBean(beanName);
        }
    }
}

// Trigger post-initialization callback for all applicable beans...
for (String beanName : beanNames) {
    Object singletonInstance = getSingleton(beanName);
    if (singletonInstance instanceof SmartInitializingSingleton) {
        StartupStep smartInitialize = this.getApplicationStartup().start("spring.beans.smart-initialize")
            .tag("beanName", beanName);
        SmartInitializingSingleton smartSingleton = (SmartInitializingSingleton) singletonInstance;
        if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
            AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedAction