《科学》（20230127出版）一周论文导读

编译 | 未玖

SCIENCE, 27 JAN 2023, VOL 379, ISSUE 6630

《科学》2023年1月27日，第379卷，6630期

天文学Astronomy

Nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies of zinc in meteorites constrain the origin of Earth’s volatiles

陨石中锌的核合成同位素异常限制了地球挥发物的来源

▲ 作者：RAYSSA MARTINS, SVEN KUTHNING, BARRY J. COLES, KATHARINA KREISSIG, AND MARK REHKÄMPER

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn1021

▲ 摘要：

不同核合成来源的物质赋予陨石和类地行星不同的同位素特征。这些核合成同位素异常被用来约束形成地球的物质来源。然而，异常现象仅在具有高凝结温度的元素中被发现，这使得地球挥发性元素的来源不受约束。

研究组测定了18块陨石内中等挥发性元素锌的同位素组成，并确定了核合成锌同位素异常。利用质量平衡模型，他们发现碳质体（可能形成于木星轨道之外）提供了地球上约一半的锌储量。

结合之前从其他元素研究中得到的约束，这些结果表明，约10%的地球质量由含碳物质提供。

▲ Abstract：

Material inherited from different nucleosynthesis sources imparts distinct isotopic signatures to meteorites and terrestrial planets. These nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies have been used to constrain the origins of material that formed Earth. However, anomalies have only been identified for elements with high condensation temperatures, leaving the origin of Earth’s volatile elements unconstrained. We determined the isotope composition of the moderately volatile element zinc in 18 bulk meteorites and identified nucleosynthetic zinc isotope anomalies. Using a mass-balance model, we find that carbonaceous bodies, which likely formed beyond the orbit of Jupiter, delivered about half of Earth’s zinc inventory. Combined with previous constraints obtained from studies of other elements, these results indicate that ~10% of Earth’s mass was provided by carbonaceous material.

Meteorites have inherited nucleosynthetic anomalies of potassium-40 produced in supernovae

陨石继承了超新星中钾-40的核合成异常

▲ 作者：NICOLE X. NIE, DA WANG, ZACHARY A. TORRANO, RICHARD W. CARLSON, CONEL M. O’D. ALEXANDER, AND ANAT SHAHAR

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn1783

▲ 摘要：

陨石以核合成异常的形式记录了发生在太阳系形成之前和期间的过程：这不同于太阳系模式的同位素组成。在大块陨石尺度上，钾等挥发性元素很少出现核合成异常。

研究组测量了32颗陨石中的钾同位素比率，并确定了同位素钾-40的核合成异常。碳质球粒陨石（CC）的异常比非碳质陨石（NC）更大、更多变，表明CC继承了更多超新星核合成中产生的物质。

地球钾-40异常与NCs异常很接近，这表明地球钾主要由NCs提供。

▲ Abstract：

Meteorites record processes that occurred before and during the formation of the Solar System in the form of nucleosynthetic anomalies: isotopic compositions that differ from the Solar System patterns. Nucleosynthetic anomalies are rarely seen in volatile elements such as potassium at bulk meteorite scale. We measured potassium isotope ratios in 32 meteorites and identified nucleosynthetic anomalies in the isotope potassium-40. The anomalies are larger and more variable in carbonaceous chondrite (CC) meteorites than in noncarbonaceous (NC) meteorites, indicating that CCs inherited more material produced in supernova nucleosynthesis. The potassium-40 anomaly of Earth is close to that of the NCs, implying that Earth’s potassium was mostly delivered by NCs.

物理学Physics

Collective super- and subradiant dynamics between distant optical quantum emitters

远距离光量子发射器之间的集体超、亚辐射动力学

▲ 作者：ALEXEY TIRANOV, VASILIKI ANGELOPOULOU, CORNELIS JACOBUS VAN DIEPEN, BJÖRN SCHRINSKI, OLIVER AUGUST DALL’ALBA SANDBERG, YING WANG, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade9324

▲ 摘要：

光子发射是光-物质相互作用的标志，也是光子量子科学的基础，为量子通信和计算提供了先进的光源。虽然单发射器辐射可根据光子环境调整，但多发射器的引入扩展了这一前景。然而，一个基本挑战是辐射偶极子-偶极子耦合随着空间分离而迅速衰减，这通常在光学波长的一小部分内。

研究组利用嵌入在纳米光子波导中的成对固态光量子发射器，实现了远距离偶极子-偶极子辐射耦合。他们动态地探测集体响应，识别超辐射和亚辐射发射，并确定通过适当激发技术控制动力学的策略。

该工作是迈向可扩展量子信息处理的多发射极应用的基础性一步。

▲ Abstract：

Photon emission is the hallmark of light-matter interaction and the foundation of photonic quantum science, enabling advanced sources for quantum communication and computing. Although single-emitter radiation can be tailored by the photonic environment, the introduction of multiple emitters extends this picture. A fundamental challenge, however, is that the radiative dipole-dipole coupling rapidly decays with spatial separation, typically within a fraction of the optical wavelength. We realize distant dipole-dipole radiative coupling with pairs of solid-state optical quantum emitters embedded in a nanophotonic waveguide. We dynamically probe the collective response and identify both super- and subradiant emission as well as means to control the dynamics by proper excitation techniques. Our work constitutes a foundational step toward multiemitter applications for scalable quantum-information processing.

材料科学Materials Science

Truchet-tile structure of a topologically aperiodic metal–organic framework

拓扑非周期金属有机框架的特鲁谢瓷砖结构

▲ 作者：EMILY G. MEEKEL, ELLA M. SCHMIDT, LISA J. CAMERON, A. DAVID DHARMA, HUNTER J. WINDSOR, SAMUEL G. DUYKER, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade5239

▲ 摘要：

当装饰成降低对称性的瓷砖连接在一起时，可以形成非周期性和迷宫式的图案。这种特鲁谢拼贴提供了与条形码和QR码使用相关的可视化数据存储的有效机制。

研究组表明，晶体金属-有机框架[OZn4][1,3-苯二甲酸酯]3（TRUMOF-1）是复杂三维特鲁谢拼贴的原子尺度实现。其晶体结构由周期性排列的相同含锌簇组成，以一种明确但无序的方式均匀连接，从而形成一个拓扑非周期性的微孔网络。

研究组认为，这种不寻常的结构由组装其化学建筑单元的几何挫折所导致。

▲ Abstract：

When tiles decorated to lower their symmetry are joined together, they can form aperiodic and labyrinthine patterns. Such Truchet tilings offer an efficient mechanism of visual data storage related to that used in barcodes and QR codes. We show that the crystalline metal–organic framework [OZn4][1,3-benzenedicarboxylate]3 (TRUMOF-1) is an atomic-scale realization of a complex three-dimensional Truchet tiling. Its crystal structure consists of a periodically arranged assembly of identical zinc-containing clusters connected uniformly in a well-defined but disordered fashion to give a topologically aperiodic microporous network. We suggest that this unusual structure emerges as a consequence of geometric frustration in the chemical building units from which it is assembled.

Highly efficient p-i-n perovskite solar cells that endure temperature variations

耐温度变化的高效p-i-n钙钛矿太阳能电池

▲ 作者：GUIXIANG LI, ZHENHUANG SU, LAURA CANIL, DECLAN HUGHES, MAHMOUD H. ALDAMASY, JANARDAN DAGAR, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add7331

▲ 摘要：

日常温度变化会导致卤化物钙钛矿的相变和晶格应变，这对其在太阳能电池中的稳定性提出了挑战。

研究组利用β-聚（1,1-二氟乙烯）有序偶极结构控制钙钛矿薄膜结晶和能量排列，稳定了钙钛矿黑相并改善了太阳能电池性能。他们展示了p-i-n钙钛矿太阳能电池，其在超过18 mm2和1 cm2 的面积上功率转换效率分别为24.6%和23.1%，在25℃和75℃下、1倍太阳最大功率点跟踪1000小时后，效率仍分别保留96%和88%。

在−60℃和+80℃之间的快速热循环下，器件未显示出疲劳迹象，表明有序偶极结构可提升钙钛矿太阳能电池的运行稳定性。

▲ Abstract：

Daily temperature variations induce phase transitions and lattice strains in halide perovskites, challenging their stability in solar cells. We stabilized the perovskite black phase and improved solar cell performance using the ordered dipolar structure of β-poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) to control perovskite film crystallization and energy alignment. We demonstrated p-i-n perovskite solar cells with a record power conversion efficiency of 24.6% over 18 square millimeters and 23.1% over 1 square centimeter, which retained 96 and 88% of the efficiency after 1000 hours of 1-sun maximum power point tracking at 25° and 75°C, respectively. Devices under rapid thermal cycling between −60° and +80°C showed no sign of fatigue, demonstrating the impact of the ordered dipolar structure on the operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

地球科学Earth Science

How temperature-dependent silicate weathering acts as Earth’s geological thermostat

温度依赖的硅酸盐风化作用可充当地球的地质恒温器

▲ 作者：S. L. BRANTLEY, ANDREW SHAUGHNESSY, MARINA I. LEBEDEVA, AND VICTOR N. BALASHOV

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add2922

▲ 摘要：

几千年来，地球气候可通过矿物风化增溶大气二氧化碳（CO2）来保持稳定，但人们对这种“恒温器”的温度敏感性知之甚少。

研究组发现，随着运输、粘土沉淀、崩解和破裂与溶解的耦合越来越大，风化作用（以活化能表示）的温度依赖性从实验室到流域逐渐增加。

对全球系统的简单升级表明，温度依赖性降低至约22千焦耳/摩尔，因为（i）径流的缺乏限制了风化作用，并将贱金属阳离子保留在约一半陆面上；（ii）其他景观被风化层屏蔽，对温度的风化作用响应很小。通过对比实验室和全球的风化作用，研究组调和了自然风化和增强风化对CO2沉降的动力学和热力学控制的一些方面。

▲ Abstract：

Earth’s climate may be stabilized over millennia by solubilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) as minerals weather, but the temperature sensitivity of this thermostat is poorly understood. We discovered that the temperature dependence of weathering expressed as an activation energy increases from laboratory to watershed as transport, clay precipitation, disaggregation, and fracturing increasingly couple to dissolution. A simple upscaling to the global system indicates that the temperature dependence decreases to ~22 kilojoules per mole because (i) the lack of runoff limits weathering and retains base metal cations on half the land surface and (ii) other landscapes are regolith-shielded and show little weathering response to temperature. By comparing weathering from laboratory to globe, we reconcile some aspects of kinetic and thermodynamic controls on CO2 drawdown by natural or enhanced weathering.